Inorganic fibres

Not burning, even in pure Glass and ceramic fibres, inorganic... 

Methods of Crystallisation. — The crude solid product obtained directly as the result of a reaction is generally amorphous or not well crystallised. In order to obtain the compound in uniform, well-defined crystals, as well as to separate it from impurities like filter-fibres, inorganic substances, by-products, etc., it is dissolved, usually with the aid of heat, in a proper solvent, filtered from the impurities remaining undissolved, and allowed to cool gradually. The dissolved compound then separates out in a crystallised form, while the dissolved impurities are retained by the mother-liquor. (Crystallisation by Cooling.) Many compounds are so easily soluble in all solvents, even at the ordinary temperature, that... 

Filtration of the Solution. — When a substance has been dissolved, the solution must next be filtered from the insoluble impurities like by-products, filter-fibres, inorganic compounds, etc. For filtration a funnel with a very short stem is generally used, i.e. an ordinary funnel the stem of which -has been cut off dose to the conical portion (Fig. i). 

Natural fibres, Man-made fibres, Inorganic fibres... 

Man-made fibres.ThesQdo Qtiihexsynthetic (nylon, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, aramide, etc.) or cellulosics (viscose, cellulose acetate). They are available in the form of continuous yarns (filament, filament yarn) or staple fibres. Inorganic fibres as glass and carbon are also man-made fibres. 

With respect to the effects that additives have, ones that are not soluble in the polymer (glass fibres, inorganic fillers, carbon black, etc.) do not increase free volume and so do not reduce the energy required for main chainmotion i.e. the 7 is not reduced in temperature. It is possible, though, for such additives to increase the temperature of 7 if they are intimately mixed with the polymer molecules and inhibit their ability to rotate. 

This includes inorganic materials such as mica, glass fibre and asbestos etc., impregnated or glued together with varnishes or compositions comprising ordinary organic substances for heat resistance such as oil-modified synthetic resins, bitumen, shellac and Bakelite. 

This includes inorganic materials such as glass fibre and mica impregnated or glued together with epoxy, polyesterimide, polyurethane or other resins having superior thermal stability. 

Elemental and inorganic compounds Manganese cyclopenta-dienyl tricarbonyl as Mn Manganese methyl-pentadienyl tricarbonyl Manganese tetroxide Man-made mineral fibre Marble, see Calcium carbonate Mercaptoacetic acid, see Thioglycolic acid Mequinol (INN)... 

Coupling Agents. Coupling agents are added to improve the bonding of the plastic to inorganic filler materials, such as glass fibres. A variety of silanes and titanates are used for this purpose. 

Fillers. Some fillers, such as short fibres or flakes of inorganic materials, improve the mechanical properties of a plastic. Others, called extenders, permit a large volume of a plastic to be produced with relatively little actual resin. Calcium carbonate, silica and clay are frequently used extenders. 

World production of I2 in 1992 approached 15 000 tonnes, the dominant producers being Japan 41%, Chile 40%, USA 10% and the former Soviet Union 9%. Crude iodine is packed in double polythene-lined fibre drums of 10-50-kg capacity. Resublimed iodine is transported in lined fibre drums (11.3 kg) or in bottles containing 0.11, 0.45 or 2.26 kg. The price of I2 has traditionally fluctuated wildly. Thus, because of acute over-supply in 1990 the price for I2 peaked at 22/kg in 1988, falling to 12/kg in 1990 and 9.50/kg in 1992. Unlike CI2 and Br2, iodine has no predominant commercial outlet. About 50% is incorporated into a wide variety of organic compounds and about 15% each is accounted for as resublimed iodine, KI, and other inorganics. The end uses include catalysts for synthetic rubber manufacture, animal- and fowl-feed supplements. 

Different analytical procedures have been developed for direct atomic spectrometry of solids applicable to inorganic and organic materials in the form of powders, granulate, fibres, foils or sheets. For sample introduction without prior dissolution, a sample can also be suspended in a suitable solvent. Slurry techniques have not been used in relation to polymer/additive analysis. The required amount of sample taken for analysis typically ranges from 0.1 to 10 mg for analyte concentrations in the ppm and ppb range. In direct solid sampling method development, the mass of sample to be used is determined by the sensitivity of the available analytical lines. Physical methods are direct and relative instrumental methods, subjected to matrix-dependent physical and nonspectral interferences. Standard reference samples may be used to compensate for systematic errors. The minimum difficulties cause INAA, SNMS, XRF (for thin samples), TXRF and PIXE. 

Electrolytes are used to promote the exhaustion of direct or reactive dyes on cellulosic fibres they may also be similarly used with vat or sulphur dyes in their leuco forms. In the case of anionic dyes on wool or nylon, however, their role is different as they are used to facilitate levelling rather than exhaustion. In these cases, addition of electrolyte decreases dye uptake due to the competitive absorption of inorganic anions by the fibre and a decrease in ionic attraction between dye and fibre. In most discussions of the effect of electrolyte on dye sorption, attention is given only to the ionic aspects of interaction. In most cases, this does not create a problem and so most adsorption isotherms of water-soluble dyes are interpreted on the basis of Langmuir or Donnan ionic interactions only. There are, however, some observed cases of apparently anomalous behaviour of dyes with respect to electrolytes that cannot be explained by ionic interactions alone. 

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