Combined treatments

THPOH—Ammonia—Tris Finish. By far the most effective finish for polyester—cotton textiles was a system based on the THPOH—NH treatment of the cotton component either foUowed or preceded by the appUcation of Tris finish to the polyester component. This combined treatment appeared to be effective on almost any polyester—cotton blend. A large amount of fabric treated in this way was sold throughout the United States and much of the rest of the world. Shortly after the introduction of Tris finishing, Tris was found to be a carcinogen. Most of the Tris treated production was in children s sleepwear, and this created a situation in which almost aU chemical fire-retardant-treated textiles were unfairly condemned as dangerous. Manufacturers mshed to replace chemically treated textiles with products produced from inherently flame-resistant fibers. Nowhere was the impact more severe than in the children s sleepwear market. New, safer materials have been introduced to replace Tris. Thus far none has been as completely effective. 

The use of neutralising amines in conjunction with an oxygen scavenger—metal passivator improves corrosion control in two ways. First, because any acidic species present is neutralized and pH is increased, the condensate becomes less corrosive. Second, most oxygen scavenger—passivators react more rapidly at the mildly alkaline conditions maintained by the amine than at lower pH levels. For these reasons, this combination treatment is gaining wide acceptance, particularly for the treatment of condensate systems that are contaminated by oxygen. 

Oral treatment offers the advantage of bringing all the lesions at all sites under control, in addition to the absence of unpleasant cosmetic effects. In certain cases, it may be preferable to use oral treatment for C. albicans vaginitis and for extensive and persistent pityriasis versicolor, a skin disorder caused by Pityrosporum orbiculare. In the case of onychomycosis, a combination treatment, topical plus systemic, is required. It is preferable to use oral treatment for deep and systemic mycoses, though intravenous or intrathecal treatment is sometimes required. 

As regards toxicity, pyrazole itself induced hyperplasia of the thyroid, hepatomegaly, atrophy of the testis, anemia and bone marrow depression in rats and mice (72E1198). The 4-methyl derivative is well tolerated and may be more useful than pyrazole for pharmacological and metabolic studies of inhibition of ethanol metabolism. It has been shown (79MI40404) that administration of pyrazole or ethanol to rats had only moderate effects on the liver, but combined treatment resulted in severe hepatotoxic effects with liver necrosis. The fact that pyrazole strongly intensified the toxic effects of ethanol is due to inhibition of the enzymes involved in alcohol oxidation (Section 4.04.4.1.1). 

Microparticulate Systems - Although dual combination treatment systems comprising microparticles and flocculants have been used in the paper industry since the 1980s, it is only recently that there has been a general trend for paper mills to switch from conventional single component systems to dual systems. 

Viscoelasticity of metal This subject provides an introduction on the viscoelasticity of metals that has no bearing or relationship with viscoelastic properties of plastic materials. The aim is to have the reader recognize that the complex thermodynamic foundations of the theory of viscoplasticity exist with metals. There have been developments in the thermodynamic approach to combined treatment of rheologic and plastic phenomena and to construct a thermodynamic theory non-linear viscoplastic material that may be used to describe the behavior of metals under dynamic loads. 

In contrast, UCN-01, a staurosporine derivative, acts as a potent inhibitor of the Chkl kinase and efficiently abrogates the G2 checkpoint upon DNA damage. Die forced entry into mitosis in the presence of DNA damage results in a mitotic form of apoptosis. Several clinical trials are currently exploring a combined treatment with UCN-01 and various DNA damaging diugs. In the same vein, inhibitors of Chk2 are developed and tested in clinical trials. 

HBV infection remains a major worldwide public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that there are still 350 million chronic carriers of the vims, who are at risk of developing chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The success of IFN-a treatment - mainly performed as combined treatment with adenine-arabinoside - has been measured by the normalization of liver enzymes, loss of HBe antigen and of detectable viral DNA in the serum of patients. It has been estimated from several clinical trials that as many as 40% of treated HBV patients would respond to therapy with IFN-a or combined treatment with nucleoside analogues and IFN-a. 

Similarly, the effectiveness of chitosan and short hypobaric treatments, alone or in reciprocal combination, to control storage decay of sweet cherries, was investigated over 2 years. In combined treatments, sweet cherries were dipped in 1.0% chitosan and then exposed to 0.50 and 0.25 atm, or sprayed with chitosan (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) 7 days before harvest and exposed to 0.50 atm soon after harvest. A combined treatment with 1.0% chitosan and 0.50 atm was the best in controlling decay, showing in the first year, a synergistic effect in the reduction of brown rot and total rots [238]. 

Degraeve N, Chollet M-C, Moutschen J. 1985. Mutagenic efficiency of organophosphorus insecticides used in combined treatments. Environ Health Perspect 60 395-398. 

Smee DE, Bailey KW, Morrison AC, SidweU RW (2002) Combination treatment of influenza A virus infections in ceU culture and in mice with the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201 and ribavirin. Chemotherapy 48 88-93... 

CanbakanB, SenturkH, TabakF, Akdogan M, Tahan V, Mert A, Sut N, Ozaras R, Midilli K, Ozbay G (2006) Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and lamivudine combination treatment in comparison to interferon alpha-2b alone in chronic delta hepatitis a randomized trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 657-663... 

The test system was considerably less sensitive to endosulfan when mouse ER, rather than human ER, was used to mediate (3-gal activity (Ramamoorthy et al. 1997). In similar assays, endosulfan at 10 jM had no effect on (3-gal activity in yeast Saccharomyces) transfected with either the human or rainbow trout ER (Andersen et al. 1999). In addition, no effect was observed on transcriptional activation of HeLa cells transfected with plasmids containing an estrogen receptor as a responsive element (Shelby et al. 1996). Endosulfan also did not induce transient reporter gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells at an incubation concentration of 2.5 pM (Andersen et al. 1999). Maximum endosulfan-induced ER-mediated luciferase reporter gene expression occurred in vitro in a T47D human breast adenocarcinoma cell line at approximately 10 pM, while 50% expression of luciferase occurred at about 5.9 pM the maximum expression was approximately 59% of the effect from exposure to 0.03 nM estradiol (0.00003 pM) (Legler et al. 1999). Luciferase expression from combined treatment with endosulfan and dieldrin was additive over concentrations ranging from 3 to 8 pM. 

Li Y, Hong X, Hussain M, Sarkar SH, Li R, Sarkar FH. Gene expression profiling revealed novel molecular targets of docetaxel and estramustine combination treatment in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005 4 389-98. 

The first mood stabilizer was lithium (its antimanic action being discovered in 1948) more recently the anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine and valproate have been found to be effective in acute mania. Unfortunately these mood stabilizers are only successful in controlling mania to a limited extent and few patients are well enough to leave hospital at the end of 3 weeks of treatment using these drugs as monotherapy. It is increasingly common for combination treatment to be advocated, in which an antipsychotic dmg is combined with lithium or an anticonvulsant. 

The a-tocopherol, P-carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention study was a randomised-controlled trial that tested the effects of daily doses of either 50 mg (50 lU) vitamin E (all-racemic a-tocopherol acetate), or 20 mg of P-carotene, or both with that of a placebo, in a population of more than 29,000 male smokers for 5-8 years. No reduction in lung cancer or major coronary events was observed with any of the treatments. What was more startling was the unexpected increases in risk of death from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease with P-carotene supplementation (ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group, 1994). Increases in the risk of both lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality were also observed in the P-carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), which tested the effects of combined treatment with 30 mg/d P-carotene and retinyl pahnitate (25,000 lU/d) in 18,000 men and women with a history of cigarette smoking or occupational exposure to asbestos (Hennekens et al, 1996). 

Combined treatment of atrazine with ozone and H2O2 resulted in retention of the triazine ring, and oxidative dealkylation with or without replacement of the 2-chloro group by hydroxyl (Nelieu et al. 2000). Reaction with ozone and hydroxyl radicals formed the analogous products with the additional formation of the acetamido group from one of the N-alkylated groups (Acero et al. 2000). 

Chen Z, Koeneman KS, Corey DR (2003) Consequences of telomerase inhibition and combination treatments for the proliferation of cancer cells. Cancer Res 63(18) 5917-... 

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