Ethyl alcohol sources

Crum Brown s alternative depictions of ethyl alcohol. Source Crum Brown, thesis (1861),... 

Convincing evidence that ester hydrolysis in base proceeds by the second of these two paths namely nucleophilic acyl substitution has been obtained from several sources In one experiment ethyl propanoate labeled with 0 m the ethoxy group was hydrolyzed On isolating the products all the 0 was found m the ethyl alcohol there was no 0 enrichment m the sodium propanoate... 

Fusel Oils. The original source of amyl alcohols was from fusel oil which is a by-product of the ethyl alcohol fermentation industry. Refined amyl alcohol from this source, after chemical treatment and distillation, contains about 85% 3-methyl-1-butanol and about 15% 2-methyl-1-butanol, both primary amyl alcohols. Only minor quantities of amyl alcohol are suppHed from this source today. A German patent discloses a distillative separation process for recovering 3-methyl-1-butanol from fusel oil (93). 

Anhydrous stannous chloride, a water-soluble white soHd, is the most economical source of stannous tin and is especially important in redox and plating reactions. Preparation of the anhydrous salt may be by direct reaction of chlorine and molten tin, heating tin in hydrogen chloride gas, or reducing stannic chloride solution with tin metal, followed by dehydration. It is soluble in a number of organic solvents (g/100 g solvent at 23°C) acetone 42.7, ethyl alcohol 54.4, methyl isobutyl carbinol 10.45, isopropyl alcohol 9.61, methyl ethyl ketone 9.43 isoamyl acetate 3.76, diethyl ether 0.49, and mineral spirits 0.03 it is insoluble in petroleum naphtha and xylene (2). 

Paprika oleoresin (EEC No. E 160c) is the combination of davor and color principles obtained by extracting paprika with any one or a combination of approved solvents acetone, ethyl alcohol, ethylene dichloride, hexane, isopropyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene. Depending on their source, paprika oleoresins are brown—red, slightly viscous, homogeneous Hquids, pourable at room temperature, and containing 2—5% sediment. 

In some parts of the world, as in Russia, fermented alcohol can serve as a cheap source for hutadiene. The reaction occurs in the vapor phase under normal or reduced pressures over a zinc oxide/alumina or magnesia catalyst promoted with chromium or cohalt. Acetaldehyde has been suggested as an intermediate two moles of acetaldehyde condense and form crotonaldehyde, which reacts with ethyl alcohol to give butadiene and acetaldehyde. 

The major portion of wet solid is removed from the flask and transferred to a 1-1. Erlenmeyer flask. The remaining solid is washed out with a little distilled water, and the washings are transferred to the flask. The solid is dissolved in the smallest amount of boiling water required, the flask removed from the heat source, and 50 ml. of ethyl alcohol added (Note 5). The flask is allowed to cool slowly, and, after the major portion of the product has separated, the flask is cooled to 5° overnight. The solid is removed by filtration and washed with cold alcohol, then acetone, and finally ether. The white, crystalline, air-dried product weighs 82-93 g. (73-82%), m.p. 291-293° dec. (rapid heating) (be compound starts to turn brown at about 280-285° (Note 6). 

In a 2-1. flask, fitted with a rubber stopper carrying a soda-lime drying tube and a glass tube reaching almost to the bottom, is placed 325 g. (420 cc.) of absolute ethyl alcohol. The whole is then tared, placed in an ice bath, and the inlet tube is connected to a source of dry methylamine. 

Ethyl alcohol is being used extensively in the United States as an auto-, motive gasoline supplement, known as gasohol. However, the source of the... 

Butanol, which at one time was an unwanted by-product in the preparation of acetone, is now the most important product of the fermentation. The building of a large new factory in Puerto Rico using 10,000 tons of molasses per annum for its production is an indication of this importance. Butanol is probably still the best solvent for cellulose nitrate lacquers. Dibutyl phthalate is certainly the most widely used plasticizer for synthetic resins, and butyl oleate, tributyl citrate and dibutyl tartrate have also been described as plasticizers. Another important use of butanol is as a source of butadiene, which serves as an intermediate in the conversion of sucrose into a synthetic rubber. Although in recent years other methods have been described for the preparation of butanol (for example, from ethyl alcohol and from acetylene), yet the fermentation of carbohydrates is still the cheapest process. 

Phenylio fdcohol is formed when the vapour of ethylic alcohol or acetic acid ia passed through a red hot tube. In this manner phenylio compounds may be obtained from their ele ments for both acetio aoid and alcohol may be built up from purely mineral sources. 

Amorphous films were prepared by thermal evaporation of the Sb Sei-, source material from an open stainless steel boat onto preoxidized A1 substrates in a vacuum of approximately 10 Torr. The substrate was cleaned in neutral detergent, deionized water, ethyl alcohol, and acetone and then oxidized in air at 1800°C before deposition. Deposition of the Sb Sei-, alloys was performed at a substrate temperature of 300K. It should be noted that while the substrate is aluminum, the layer directly under the film is aluminum oxide. Care was taken to avoid Sb fractionation. It should also be noted that... 

Alcohol, primarily in the form of ethyl alcohol (ethanol), has occupied an important place in the history of humankind for at least 8000 years. In Western society, beer and wine were a main staple of daily life until the 19th century. These relatively dilute alcoholic beverages were preferred over water, which was known to be associated with acute and chronic illness. They provided important calories and nutrients and served as a main source of daily liquid intake. As systems for improved sanitation and water purification were introduced in the 1800s, beer and wine became less important components of the human diet, and the consumption of alcoholic beverages, including distilled preparations with higher concentrations of alcohol, shifted toward their present-day role, in many societies, as a socially acceptable form of recreation. 

Ethyl alcohol has been made by the hydration of ethylene (9) since 1930. Like isopropyl alcohol, part of the output is used as a solvent, but most is converted to other oxygenated chemicals. Its most important raw material use is conversion to acetaldehyde by catalytic air oxidation. Acetaldehyde, in turn, is the raw material source of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, pentaerythritol, synthetic n-butyl alcohol (via aldol condensation), butyraldehyde, and other products. Butyraldehyde is the source of butyric acid, polyvinyl butyral resin, and 2-ethylhexanol (octyl alcohol). The last-named eight-carbon alcohol is based on the aldol condensation of butyraldehyde and is used to make the important plasticizer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. A few examples of the important reactions of acetaldehyde are as follows ... 

An interesting case of interproduct competition is that of the four original lacquer solvents—ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate. These were once produced mainly by fermentation processes, but today all are also produced by synthesis from petroleum hydrocarbons. Moreover, in the past 30 years solvents have been developed from petroleum sources which are competing successfully with these materials even though the new compounds are not identical in all properties isopropyl alcohol competes with ethyl alcohol methyl isobutyl carbinol and n-propyl alcohol can replace butyl alcohol methyl ethyl ketone to a large extent supplants ethyl acetate and methyl isobutyl ketone can be substituted for butyl acetate. Thus, petroleum aliphatic chemicals have served both by displacement of source and replacement of end product to supplement and to compete with the fermentation solvents. 

There is also an apparent trend in manufacturing operations toward simplification by direct processing. Examples of this include the oxidation of ethylene for direct manufacture of ethylene oxide the direct hydration of ethylene to produce ethyl alcohol production of chlorinated derivatives by direct halogenation in place of round-about syntheses and the manufacture of acrolein by olefin oxidation. The evolution of alternate sources, varying process routes, and competing end products has given the United States aliphatic chemical industry much of its vitality and ability to adjust to varying market conditions. 

Early commercial sources of acetic acid included (1) the combined action of Bacterium aceti and air on ethyl alcohol in an oxidation-... 

The melting point generally ascribed to the alpha form is 169.6°C, with decomposition occurring above 210°C. Upon heating, ammonium nitrate yields nitrous oxide (N20) gas and can be used as ail industrial source of that gas. Ammonium nitrate is soluble in H2O, slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol, moderately soluble in methyl alcohol, and soluble in acetic acid solutions containing NH3. 

The basic compound is a triterpene glycoside. It is extracted from the licorice root, of which the principal sources are China, Russia, Spain, Italy, France, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. The roots, containing 10% moisture, are dned and shredded, after which they are extracted with aqueous ammonia, concentrated in vacuum evaporators, precipitated with sulfuric acid, and crystallized with 95% ethyl alcohol. 

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