Market-making

If 10% of the U.S. gasoline consumption were replaced by methanol for a twenty year period, the required reserves of natural gas to support that methanol consumption would amount to about one trillion m (36 TCF) or twice the 1990 annual consumption. Thus the United States could easily support a substantial methanol program from domestic reserves. However, the value of domestic natural gas is quite high. Almost all of the gas has access through the extensive pipeline distribution system to industrial, commercial, and domestic markets and the value of gas in these markets makes methanol produced from domestic natural gas uncompetitive with gasoline and diesel fuel, unless oil prices are very high. 

Ethoxylated fatty alcohols and alkylphenols were used. The products available on the market make up homologous series containing an average of between 3 and 100 ethylene-oxide groups. They thus have a wide HLB (hydrophilic/lipophilic balance) range. Besides, they are among the least expensive surfactants on the market. 

Table 2.10 World markets make up of organic pigments (1998)...

Two characteristics of vaccine markets make prizes an attractive incentive system. Vaccines create a large social value that firms cannot fully appropriate, and this social value can be calculated ex ante. When aggregate deadweight loss is the primary concern and the social value of an invention is verifiable (as is likely for vaccines), prizes maybe preferable to an intellectual property system (Maurer and Scotchmer 2004). Unlike under the patent system, the number of participants and the potential duplication of effort can be altered with the size of the prize. Additionally, if social value is expected to be much higher than costs, a prize can be set lower than social value. 

The economic scale is compared between the United States and Japan with selected industrial parameters such as sterilization, semiconductors, radiographic testing, and radial tire production, because the very large industrial markets make a whole comparison difficult. The economic scale revealed in selected industrial fields was about 56 billion for the United States and 39 billion for Japan. The former is larger by a factor of — 1.4 [4]. 

Organize the Market. Make a plan for the project consider the expected tumover/profit/ loss, the customers, the story around the product, how that will be communicated, and the distribution chaimel. 

Example the grower engaged in direct marketing makes dried fruit products from organic apples. 

This trend is likely to continue (and possibly accelerate) with the emergence of e-commerce and its market-making models such as exchanges and reverse auctions. The only areas that appear safe are those true specialties where suppHers have a unique technology or product. 

Future advances for the injection blow molding process are in tooling for bottles with special tabs, the use of process control to profile the melt injection pressure, and the use of microprocessor control when the volume of machines on the market makes it economical. 

By bringing innovative active ingredients with novel modes of actions to the market makes it possible to offer new and attractive solutions to today s challenges in the agribusiness. 

Although the discussion to follow is largely US-centered, many references are made herein to international patent concepts. The realities of modern international corporations and marketing make this more global view inevitable. Because patents are territorial, i.e. they only protect an invention within the borders of the issuing country, the inventor must think of protecting an invention in coimtries other than in the home country. 

The well-functioning Danish market makes it possible to collect and analyse reliable data on purchases. Very few studies on the estimation of demand for organic foods, based on actual purchases, have been published previously. The few exceptiorrs are Brombacher (1992), Glaser and Thompson (1998, 2000) and Jorgensen (2001), who all use sales data from market researchers in Germany, the United States and Sweden, respectively. Our study distingtrishes itself by being based on observations... 

In other words, if market interest rates rise, the mark-to-market (mtm) value of a receive-fixed swap will be increasing as discounting rates rise. In turn, this means that the break-even rate of the swap moves lower hence a market making swap bank will require a lower fixed rate if it is to price the swap correctly as discounting rates rise. 

In addition, all Jumbo Pfandbriefe with a volume outstanding of 1.25 billion or greater and with a residual life of more than two years are greatly assisted by the market making pledge, given by 17 institutions, to provide a repo market in these issues. 

One could also assume that the size of issue may be a determining factor in the curve spreads larger size would usually imply greater liquidity. The fact that volume has an almost negligible effect on spreads is testament to the market making obligations that are present in the Jumbo market. 

Like Pfandbriefe, Obligations Foncieres bondholders retain preferential rights with regard to the event of bankruptcy over any other claims. The similarities do not stop there. Issuers and market makers have agreed that the minimum size of issuance should be 500 million, that the issue is supported by a market making commitment from at least three banks, quoting continuous prices with bid/offer spreads of between 5 and 20... 

The seller in a classic repo is selling or offering stock, and therefore receiving cash, whereas the buyer is buying or bidding for stock, and consequently paying cash. So if the one-week repo interest rate is quoted by a market-making bank as 51 5 4, this means that the market maker will bid for stock, that is, lend the cash, at 5.50% and offers stock or pays interest on borrowed cash at 5.25%. In some markets the quote is reversed. 

Stock lending is not a sale and repurchase in the conventional sense but is used by banks and securities houses to cover short positions in securities put on as part of market-making or proprietary trading activity. In some markets (for example, the Japanese equity market) regulations require a counterparty to have arranged stock lending before putting on the short trade. 

There are a number of unusual features in the French repo market, in addition to the definition of repo in domestic law. These include a registered market-making system, as one observes in the cash government market, and a significant volume of floating-rate repo. A typical market maker s repo screen is shown at Exhibit 10.21. 

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