Typical Analytical Data

Negative or near zero A2 values have been obtained showing a behavior typically exhibited by polymers dissolved in thermodynamically poor or theta solvents. Negative values may indicate an association effect, but light scattering alone is insufficient to ascertain association of lignin. The results listed in Table 

4 show very similar values of Mw determined by laser light scattering and size exclusion chromatography (Pla et al. 1977). Table 8.2.5 also shows other Mw values for kraft lignins and lignosulfonates. 

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A sodium sulfosuccinate monoester based on ethoxylated fatty alcohol will contain the substances shown in Table 6. The most important dialkyl sulfosuccinate is a dioctyl sulfosuccinate. Typical analytical data are given in Table 7. Typical analytical data for a sulfosuccinamate with a structure as shown previously, are given in Table 8. 

The major metallic impurities are Na, Ca and Si. Typical analytical data for both commercial and high-purity potassium arc given in Tables 1 and 2. 

Table 1. Typical Analytical Data for Purified Samples of Beryllium (/ig g" )...

The zone-refining technique has been applied to Be purification. Typical analytical data for zone-refined samples are given in Table l . These data show that zone refining concentrates Fe, Al, Mn and Cr at the front of the sample and Ni and Cr at its base furthermore, it appears to have no effect at all on Si distribution The influenee of an electric fieldand the effect of H2 Nj and Al on zone-refining purification techniques have also been assessed. 

Crystallization of Be from a Be-Al alloy is effective for removing Fe, Mn and Ni but leads to an enrichment in Al, Cu and Mg typical analytical data are included in Table l . 

The relatively impure crude Ca obtained from both thermal reduction and electrolytic sources (97-98%) is distilled to give a 99% pure product. Volatile impurities such as the alkali metals are removed in a predistillation mode at 800°C subsequent distillation of the bulk metal at 825-850°C under vacuum removes most of the involatile impurities, such as Al, Cl, Fe and Si. The N content is often not reduced because of atmospheric contamination after distillation. Unfortunately, these commercial methods have no effect on Mg, which is the major impurity (up to 1 wt%). Typical analytical data for Ca samples prepared by electrolysis, thermal reduction (using Al) and distillation are collated in Table 1. 

Provided here is an up-to-date compilation of lignin methodology Theoretical background and practical procedures are combined and whenever possible a procedure is presented in sufficient detail to enable the reader to perform the analysis solely by following the step-by-step description. The range of use of a method, its advantages and limitations are discussed. Moreover, typical analytical data are shown and compared with results obtained from other methods. 

The polyamic acid synthesized by the technique described was extremely consistent from batch to batch. Table II describes the typical analytical data from a typical sample of the ultrapure material. 

For example, palm oil is fractionated by crystal-ization, usually without solvent, and the two components are separated by high-speed centrifuge sometimes with the assistance of an aqueous detergent solution. Some typical analytical data are given in Table 4.1. 

Typical analytical data can be represented as a sum of several such peaks. For example, a chromatogram arising from seven compounds could be modeled by a sum of seven Gaussians, each characterized by a position, width, and area, and so represented by 21 parameters in total. 

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