Ethylene and propylene, oxidation

Both ethylene and propylene oxide have been used in the preparation of adducts from a variety of amines, including ethylene diamine and diethylene triamine. The latter amine provides adducts which appetu" free of skin sensitising effects. 

Development of the technology of ethylene and propylene oxide processing 98MI43. 

The alkyl iodides formed in the reaction are used to characterize the alkyl chain by GC. An alternative method is the cleavage with hydrogen bromide and GC of the alkyl bromides. A detailed discussion of the analytical techniques applicable to the analysis of the ethylene and propylene oxide content as well as the alkyl chain distribution has been made by Cross [311]. 

If primary alcohols with a straight chain of 10-20 carbon atoms are initially alkoxylated by a mixture of ethylene and propylene oxides followed by phosphorylation, a pour point depression to 8°C will occur, whereas phosphate esters derived from nonylphenol are liquid at temperatures as low as 2°C. Phosphoric acid esters on the base of linear primary alcohols (Cn-Cl5) generally solidify below 24°C [50] (Table 2). 

P. Beatrice, C. Pliangos, W.L. Worrell, and C.G. Vayenas, The electrochemical promotion of ethylene and propylene oxidation on Pt deposited on Yttria-Titania-Zirconia, Solid State Ionics 136-137, 833-837 (2000). 

WClg, and vanadium-based initiators (Eq. 53), and the thermal polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (Eq. 54). (Ringopening polymerizations of ethylene and propylene oxides,... 

Electrochemical epoxidation of olefins has been developed for the production of ethylene and propylene oxides in aqueous sodium chloride or bromide solution. However, associated with these electrolyses are difficulties in achieving product selectivity as well as in obtaining high yields of the epoxides. Recently, a regiose-lective )-epoxidation of polyisoprenoids (23) to (24), promoted by electrooxidation in an MeCN/THF/H20-NaBr-(Pt) system, has been achieved (Scheme 10) [52]. 

The anionic polymerization of epoxides such as ethylene and propylene oxides can be initiated by metal hydroxides, alkoxides, oxides, and amides as well as metal alkyls and aryls, including radical-anion species such as sodium naphthalene [Boileau, 1989 Dreyfuss and Drefyfuss, 1976 Inoue and Aida, 1984 Ishii and Sakai, 1969]. Thus the polymerization of ethylene oxide by M+A involves initiation... 

One US plant manufd, since about 1948, Gc starting with petroleum, chlorine and caustic soda. At first a mixt of ethylene- and propylene oxides was obtd and this was treated with Na hypochlorite (obtd from NaOH+Cl2) and then hydrolyzed with NaOH. (Ref 15)... 

Ethylene and Propylene Oxides. Ethylene oxide (26) and its derivatives are among the important aliphatic chemicals the 1950 production amounted to between 400,000,000 and 500,000,000 pounds. The chlorohydrin process was introduced in the early 1920 s and the direct oxidation process in the 1930 s, both based on ethylene. In the older process, the one most used today, the ethylene reacts in solution with hypo-chlorous acid at room temperature. 

Longer-chain carboxylio addB have been utilized by Fraenkel-Conrat and Olcott 7 to open ethylene and propylene oxide (Eq. 744), the latter allegedly undergoing exclusive terminal addition. 

There are many producers in Europe with similar ranges of products including some based on C13 alcohols e.g. Lansurf AE35. Lankem also has a range based on C16 18 alcohols with 4, 19 and 35 mol of ethylene oxide added e.g. Lansurf AE735. In addition Lankem produces random alcohol alkoxides such as Lansurf AEP66, which are based on Ci2—15 alcohols with a random mix of ethylene and propylene oxides. 

Ethylene and Propylene Oxide Amine Adducts. Polyamines, such as DETA, react readily with ethylene oxide in the presence of water to yield mono- or dihydroxyalkyl derivatives, depending on the ratio of reactants. As the extent of the reaction progresses, the resulting... 

FIGURE 5.4 Ethylene and propylene oxide adducts of amines. 

Ethylene and Propylene Oxide. Ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) are commonly used raw materials for surfactant production. Both are highly reactive compounds that will react with alcohols, amines, carboxylic, and water. EO and PO will also self-polymerize to form high-molecular-weight polymers. Ethylene... 

Ethylene and propylene oxide are highly reactive species that will react with any molecule containing an active hydrogen. The... 

G. Baeras et al.124 have studied the complex formation in the systems PAA-PEG, PMAA-PEG and PMAA-block copolymer of ethylene and propylene oxides by spectrometry when PMAA is added to the PAA complexes in the presence of a dye (bromocresol green). It is shown that PMAA is more susceptible to complex formation than PAA in the reaction with oligomers. 

The industrial production of ethylene and propylene oxides was historically dependent on the chlorohydrin process, a multistep procedure that proceeds via the stoichiometric reaction of propylene (or ethylene) with chlorine and water to yield a mixture of chlorohydrin isomers (only one for ethylene) and hydrochloric acid. The epoxide is formed upon reaction of the chlorohydrins with calcium or sodium hydroxide. All the chlorine used in the process eventually ends up as chlorinated organic and inorganic by-products (Equation B2). 

Acid Amides can be produced by acylating ammonia with esters, acid anhydrides, or the acids themselves (above 100 °C) an important product is formamide from methyl formate. Alternatively acid amides can be synthesized by reacting acid halides with ammonia. Catalytic hydrogenation converts the acid amides to primary amines. Ammonia and aldehydes or ketones are the basis for different stable products. With formaldehyde hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine) is obtained with acetaldehyde, ammono acetaldehyde with benzaldehyde, hydrobenzamide with ethylene and propylene oxides, aqueous ammonia reacts to form ethanol- or propanolamine. 

Ammonia and amines open oxide rings to form amino alcoholthe yields are markedly higher when amines are employed (55-90% vs. 18-40%).The ready availability of ethylene and propylene oxides makes this procedure attractive for preparing 2 dialkylaminoethanols and l-dialkylamino-2-propanols. Thus /3-diethylaminoethanol is conveniently prepared by the addition of ethylene oxide to diethylamine in methanol at 45° to 60° or by a combination of the two reactants in an autoclave at 100° (81%). Isopropylamine reacts with ethylene oxide in the presence of water and a small amount of hydrochloric acid to form /3-isopropylaminoethanol (76%). The reaction is general and is shown by higher oxides like isobutylene oxide/ styrene oxide/ and stilbene oxide/ ... 

Selection of a suitable chemical emulsion breaker and dosage is crucial. A particular demulsifier may be effective and efficient for one emulsion yet entirely unsatisfactory for another. Contemporary demulsifiers are formulated with polymeric chains of ethylene and propylene oxides of alcohol, alkyl phenols, amino compounds, and resinous materials that have hydroxy acceptor groups. Each of these polymers is carefully formulated to yield a molecule with a particular affinity for water. Demulsifier dosage is also important excessive demulsifier addition can inhibit the efficiency of emulsion breakdown. 

The most widely used surfactants are copolymers based on dimethyl polysiloxane and polysiloxanes. Some of these silicones are prepared with ethylene and propylene oxides. Some silicones contain Si-... 

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