Spray cooling

HR-ICP-MS EEEMENT-2 (Pinnigan MAT, Germany) equipped with a standard introduction system (quartz water-cooled spray chamber, concentric nebulizer, torch with 1.5 mm i.d. injector and nickel cones) was used for measurements. The following operating conditions were used RP power 1150 W, coolant gas flow rate 16 1 min k auxiliary gas flow rate 0.85 1 min nebulizer gas flow rate 1.2 1 min k Sample uptake rate was 0.8-1 ml min k Measurements were performed with low and middle resolutions. Rh was used as an internal standard. Por calibration working standard solutions were prepared by diluting the multielemental stock solutions CPMS (SPEX, USA) with water to concentration range from 5 ng to 5 p.g I k... 

Exposed ends of the bolts and nuts have also suffered severe localized deterioration, resulting in smooth surface contours. Adjacent areas of each component show no deterioration. Erosion resulting from the impingement of high-velocity slab-cooling spray is the predominant factor in this metal loss. 

Process Vessels Liquid Spill Gas Release NFPA30 1. Hydrants 2. Monitors 3. Hose Reel 4. Water Deluge Cooling Spray 1. NFPA 24 2. NFPA 24 3. NFPA 24 4. NFPA 15... 

Ethambutol Hydrochloride (+)-2-Amino- Butan-l-ol TLC-Method Adsorbent-Silica Gel-G, Mobile Phase-Ethyl acetate Glacial acetic Acid HC1 H20(11 7 1 1) Apply 2pi of each of two solns. in MeOH, containing (1) 5% w/v of T.S. (2)0.050% w/v of (+)-2-aminobutan-l-ol. Remove TLC plates, dry in air, heat at 105°C for 5 mts, cool, spray with cadmium and Ninhydrin soln.2, heat to 90°C for 5 mts. The spot obtained with (2) is more intense than with (1). NMT 1.0... 

After a second development, at 90° to the first in phenol-water (80 20) the plates were dried at 100°C. for 30 minutes, cooled, sprayed with a solution of ninhydrin in butanol (0.5% w./v.), and laid on a hot plate until the amino acids were just visible. 

The distillation residue from 0.8 molar preparation of 2-acetoxy-l(4-nitrophenyl)-prop-l-ene from reaction of the above followed by distillation, according to [2], erupted on being left to cool, spraying a fume cupboard with tar. The preparation had previously been uneventful at smaller scale [1]. The reaction is not high yielding, indicating much residue and a pot temperature perhaps in excess of 200°C to distil the product. 

Three different spray chamber designs (Fig. 3.6) are most often used for ICP-MS the Scott [15] (double-barrel) chamber, a conical chamber with an impact bead, and a cyclonic chamber [14,16,17]. The cyclonic spray chamber typically provides a slightly (up to about a factor of 2 or 3) higher analyte transport efficiency as well as somewhat shorter washout times. In some cases the spray chamber is cooled (such as on the HP 4500 ICP-MS double-pass spray chamber, which is cooled to 4°C) to reduce the amount of water vapor that enters the ICP further so that signals from polyatomic ions containing oxygen are reduced. The cooled spray chamber also helps maintain a stable spray chamber temperature. 

It must be noted that increasing the amount of solvent in the ICP produces a higher load on the plasma and an increase in reflected powers, causing plasma instability. Desolvation of the sample aerosol may overcome this hurdle and is achieved by the use of a cooled spray chamber. In addition, Peltier coolers and membrane dryers [23] have been used for desolvating liquid aerosols and eliminate approximately 90% of the aerosol (Fig. 10.3). Spray chambers may also im-... 

Solidification Evaporation Hot-melt prilling Spray cooling Spray-drying Solvent Solvent... 

P. Schramel, Improvement of ICP-measurements by using a water-cooled spray chamber, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 320 (1985), 233-236. 

Sulphuric acid-ethanol reagent. Spray the plate and then heat at 105° for 10 minutes. p-Toluenesulphonic acid solution. Heat the plate at 120° for 15 minutes, cool, spray with the reagent, heat again at 120° for 10 minutes, and respray. 

Location Reagent. Allow the plate to dry in air, heat at 110° for 2 hours, allow to cool, spray with... 

Spray cooling spray humidification. Liquid water is sprayed into a relatively dry warm air stream. Some of the water evaporates and the temperature of the air and of the unevaporated liquid both decrease. If the object is to cool the water or the air, the operation is called spray cooling if the point is to increase the moisture content of the air, the operation is spray humidification. ... 

Minor trauma, e.g. many sports injuries, is commonly treated by local skin cooling (spray of chlorofluoromethanes), counterirritants (see... 

Most of the scrubber liquor is cooled (105°F) and recycled in the raw state. Part of the cooled liquor is filtered to remove accumulated ash particles and flows through the pH meter, conductivity meter, and then the cooling spray. Another portion (without cooling) is filtered and flows to the regenerator at a controlled rate. As shown, sodium hydroxide solution also flows to the regenerator at a controlled rate. The mixture of solutions is heated to about 220°F, and chemical reaction releases the ammonia and steam these products return to the system under the force created by their vapor pressures. 

Total liquid in the scrubber system in the pilot equipment is maintained at about 16 liters. The raw solution in the scrubber is recycled to the distribution plate at rates from 0.2 to 0.7 gal/min. The filtered portion that flows through the monitoring instruments and the cooling spray are maintained constant at a rate of 0.2 gal/min. Flow of solution to the regenerator is controlled from 0 to 4.2 liters/hr, depending on the rate at which ammonia is needed for the vapor-phase reaction. 

The main hydrogen stream from the cell is also hot and wet. Since hydrogen has a low solubility in water, it is usually cooled and cleaned of chlorine, salt, etc., by a direct, countercurrent contact with a cool spray of dilute sodium hydroxide in water. Clean hydrogen exits from the top of the cooler through baffles or plastic mesh placed so as to remove entrained water droplets. 

POLLMANN D., PlLGER C., Hergenroder R., Leis F., Tschopel P. and Broekaert J. A. C. (1994) Noise power spectra of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a cooled spray chamber, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 49 683-690. 

An analytical scheme was developed [3] to characterize both the concentration and nature of the selenium species present in the various streams measmed (Fig. 1). Because an in-depth discussion of all of the techniques would be beyond the scope of this paper, the reviewed work will focus on the efforts to measure total selenium as well as selenite, selenate, and selenocyanate. A Sciex Elan Model 6000 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer system equipped with a water-cooled spray chamber was used for all of the selenium measurements. The operating conditions used for the ICP-MS are presented in Table 2, while conditions for the IC are presented in Table 3. 

Explosion forms explosive air vapor mixtures. sealed machinery, ventilation, exploslon proof electricd equipment and lighting. in case of fire keep tanks/drums cool spraying with water. 

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