Enforcement automated

The ultimate responsibility for safety rests with me operating company OSHA 1910.119 is clear on this. Each company is expected to develop (and enforce) its own practices in the design, installation, testing, and maintenance of safety systems. Fortunately, some companies make these documents public. Monsanto s Safety System Design Practices was published in its entirety in the proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Safe Chemical Process Automation, Houston, Texas, September 27-29, 1994 (available from... 

The high-throughput production of data at each level of the combinatorial loop enforces an automated flow of data, which requires automated acquisition and retrieval. Since no database adapted to the specific case of heterogeneous catalysis is currently available (except those included in soft- and hardware packages provided by specialised companies, but at prices that academic groups cannot afford), the only solution was to develop an in-house database that fitted exactly the laboratory requirements. 

European medical device requirements are defined in EU Directive 93/42/EEC published in 1994. National legislation and regulatory authorities such as the U.K. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Authority (MHRA) enforce this directive. Four classes of device are defined, each of which requires a visible CE marking of conformity. CE marking of conformity means that the manufacturer is satisfied that the medical device conforms to relevant EU Directives and that it is fit for purpose. Technical documentation supporting conformity related to automated devices includes ... 

The PROTECT architecture consists of sensors deployed in various subway stations, complemented by closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras that have automated and manual pan-tilt-zoom capabilities. These sensor and camera combinations provide data continuously to a centralized chemical-biological emergency management information system (CB-EMIS developed by Argonne National Laboratory) located in a centralized WMATA operations control center. In addition to the sensor and video data from the stations, train operation data and ambient meteorological data are also ported to the CB-EMIS system. Under normal operations, CB-EMIS can provide operator access to the multiple fixed and movable cameras throughout the metro system to assist law enforcement officers or firefighters. It also monitors the status of the sensor systems deployed in the metro. 

There are many compelling reasons to use CASE tools. CASE tools can greatly shorten development times without sacrificing system quality. The tools usually enforce consistency across different phases by providing automated consistency checking between DFDs, ERDs, and the data dictionary to ensure that the attributes and data structures have been named and defined consistently across all of them. This, in turn, can increase the productivity of the SDLC team because a data store defined in a DFD can be automatically inserted as an entry in the data dictionary. This, in turn, can increase the consistency of the development effort across projects. 

The difficulty in identifying and enforcing safety constraints in design and operations has increased from the past. In many of our older and less automated systems, physical and operational constraints were often imposed by the hmitations of technology and of the operational environments. Physical laws and the Umits of our materials imposed natural constraints on the complexity of physical designs and allowed the use of passive controls. 

The third concept used in STAMP, along with safety constraints and hierarchical safety control structures, is process models. Process models are an important part of control theory. The four conditions required to control a process are described in chapter 3. The first is a goal, which in STAMP is the safety constraints that must be enforced by each controller in the hierarchical safety control structure. The action condition is implemented in the (downward) control channels and the observability condition is embodied in the (upward) feedback or measuring channels. The final condition is the model condition Any controller—human or automated-needs a model of the process being controlled to control it effectively (figure 4.6). 

Thus far this chapter has explained the derivation of software and attempted to show how it has evolved over time to become the true brains of any automated system. But like a human brain, this software brain must be carefully architected to promote productivity, foster quality, and enforce control and reusability. 

Automated road safety cameras use image capture technology to monitor and/or enforce traffic control laws, and to deter future illegal behaviours for example, to prevent speeding or running red traffic lights. The introduction of road safety cameras for enforcement purposes came about as a result of concerns that conventional enforcement mechanisms (e.g., police interception at the roadside) were not able to keep pace with increased traffic volumes and vehicle travel (Decina et al, 2007). 

Decina, L. E., Thomas, L., Srinivasan, R., and Staplin, L. 2007. Automated Enforcement A Compendium of Worldwide Evaluations of Results (No. DOT HS 810 763). Washington, DC National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 

Silicone polyethers of the A[BA] type (A = polyether, B = siloxane Fig. 6f) even allow the formulation of antifoams that are completely free of hydrophobic particles [72]. Compatibility of these antifoams is excellent, allowing their use in such sensitive applications as polyurethane dispersions, which are used as binders for floor coatings or automative coatings where even a very small number of craters on a large coated area enforces costly rework. The specific structure of the A[BA] copolymers lets them enter and weaken the surfactant layer of foam lamellae very efficiently. 

The determination of acesulfame-K, cyclamate, and saccharin individually or simultaneously with other artificial sweeteners and/or other food additives in foods, soft drinks, and tabletop sweeteners is very important for legal, health, and consumer safety aspects. Thus, reliable, simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and robust analytical methods using low-cost equipment are essential to protect human health, meet the requirement to ensure product quality, and support the compliance and enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to food safety. Flow analysis is shown to be a powerful analytical tool for the automated determination of acesulfame-K, cyclamate, and saccharin in food samples, and it is an interesting alternative for use in sweetener determinations when only one analyte is determined in a large number of samples. In the last few years, flow analysis... 

We have three measures with which we can evaluate the direct effects of speed enforcement on speed (1) the extent of the speed reduction, (2) the spatial halo in terms of the distance at which speeds are still depressed, and (3) the temporal halo in terms of the duration of the speed reductions following the removal of the visible enforcement. Various paradigms of enforcement have been evaluated to determine the most effective strategy to maximize the effects on all three measures. A detailed discussion of the relative benefits of each is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is available elsewhere (Shinar and McKnight, 1985). This discussion will only briefly note the benefits of stationary and moving police enforcement, and the benefits of automated and programmable enforcement. 

Kang, J-G. (2002). Changes of speed and safety by automated speed enforcement systems. 

---