Sweeteners tabletop

Saccharin. Sacchatin [81-07-2] C H NO S, which is approximately 300 times as sweet as sucrose ia coaceatratioas up to the equivaleat of a 10% sucrose solutioa, has beea used commercially as a nonnutritive sweeteaer siace before 1900, predomiaanfly ia carboaated soft drioks, tabletop sweeteaers, and dietetic foods marketed primarily to diabetics. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on sacchatin because of its association with bladder cancer ia laboratory animals. At the time, it was the only commercially available nonnutritive sweetener, and pubflc outcry led to a delay of the ban, which was officially withdrawn ia 1991. Instead, the FDA required that warning labels be placed on all foods that contained the iagredient. Although sacchatin is heat stable, the pubflc debate over its safety, as well as the fact that approximately one-third of the population perceives it to have a bitter aftertaste, has limited its use. 

Acesulfame K. Acesulfame K [55589-62-3] C H NO S -K, is an oxathia2iae derivative approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose at a 3% concentration ia solutioa (70). It is approved for use as a nonnutritive sweeteaer ia 25 couatties (71), and ia the United States has approval for use in chewing gum, confectionery products, dry mixes for beverages, puddings, gelatins, and dairy product analogues, and as a tabletop sweetener (72). 

Abbott Laboratories, which has conducted additional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with cyclamate, a 10 1 mixture of cyclamate—saccharin, and cyclohexylamine, claimed to be unable to confirm the 1969 findings. Abbott then filed a food additive petition for cyclamate in 1973, which was denied by the FDA in 1980. In 1982, the Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories filed a second food additive petition containing the results of additional safety studies (73). That petition was stiU pending as of 1996. Cyclamate is, however, allowed for use in any or all three categories, ie, food, beverage, and tabletop, in about 50 countries. Sweet n Low, known in the United States as a saccharin-based table-top sweetener, contains exclusively cyclamate in Canada. 

Neotame is used in tabletop sweeteners, frozen desserts, chewing gum, candy, baked goods, fruit spreads, and ready-to-eat cereals. 

Acesulfame potassium is a noncaloric sweetener that is two hundred times sweeter than sugar. It is used in tabletop sweeteners, toothpastes, soft drinks, desserts, baked goods, and canned foods. 

Sucralose is used in a wide variety of no-calorie and low-calorie foods, such as tabletop sweeteners, baked goods, desserts, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and diet drinks. 

Currently, aspartame is used in tabletop sweeteners (Equal in the U.S. F.ga in Quebec, Canada and Canderal in Europe and the tJK,). Aspartame currently is incorporated as the exclusive sweetening ingredient in nearly all diet soft drinks in the United States. In other countries, it may be blended, with saccharin at a level close to 50% of the saccharin level. Soft-dnnk manufacturers have taken some measures to enhance stability by raising pH slightly and by more closely controlling the inventory for carbonated soft drinks Notable differences in sweetness are perceived at a 40% loss in aspartame level. 

Saccharin is used in conjunction with aspartame in carbonated beverages. Other uses include tabletop sweeteners, dry beverage blends,... 

Extraction of stevia sweeteners from dried leaves can be accomplished with acetonitrile in the presence of calcium carbonate solution (116) or with boiling water adjusted to pH 9.0 (107). Ahmed and Dobberstein (117) extracted stevioside and rebaudioside A and C from dried leaves of S. rebaudiana in a micro-Soxhlet apparatus. They observed that chloroform/methanol provided the best results, compared to chloroform or to chloroform/methanol/water. Extraction of stevioside, rebaudioside A and C, and dulcoside A can also be performed by subcritical fluid extraction using C02 and methanol as a modifier. Such an extraction technique has been gaining popularity as an analytical tool because it is rapid, simple, and less expensive in terms of solvent cost (110). Beverages, tabletop sweeteners, beverages containing pulp, and candies are prepared as indicated in Sec. I.C (110,115,118). 

Aspartame is a dipeptide derivative, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, which was approved in the United States in 1981 for use as a tabletop sweetener, in dry beverage mixes, and in foods that are not heat processed. This substance is metabolized in the body to phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol. Only people with phenylketonuria cannot break down phenylalanine. Another compound, diketopiperazine, may also be formed. However, no harmful effects from this compound have been demonstrated. The main limiting factor in the use of aspartame is its lack of heat stability (Homier 1984). 

The FDA, in April 1998, approved sucralose for use as a tabletop sweetener and as an additive in a variety of food products. In the UK, sucralose was authorized for use in food products on a 2-year temporary basis in March 2002. It is also accepted for use in many other countries worldwide. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients. 

The regulations include labeling requirements that apply to tabletop sweeteners only. In addition to the requirements contained within existing U.K. labeling legislation, tabletop sweeteners must include on their labels the phrase ... 

Furthermore, where tabletop sweeteners contain polyols and/or aspartame, the following phrases must also be included on their labels ... 

Aspartame, an intense sweetener, has been authorized for use in foods and as a tabletop sweetener for more than 20 years in many countries throughout the world. Extensive investigations have been carried out on aspartame and its breakdown products through experimental animal and human studies, intake studies, and post-marketing surveillance. 

Sample preparation Sample preparation for the determination of high-intensity sweeteners is relatively simple. Carbonated soft drinks are degassed prior to analysis. Liquid beverages and tabletop sweeteners are diluted or dissolved in water. Sweeteners in complex foods are extracted with water or an appropriate solvent. Then, the extract can be clarified, centrifuged, or cleaned by using solid-phase extraction techniques. 

CE with capacitively coupled contactless was used for the simple, rapid, and simultaneous determination of aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, and acesulfame-K in commercial samples of soft drinks and tabletop sweetener formulations [37]. A buffer solution containing 100 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 10 mM histidine was used as BGE. A complete separation of the analytes could be attained in less than 6 min. The detection limit was considered to be better than those usually obtained by CE with photometric detection. Recoveries ranging from 94% to 108% were obtained for samples spiked with standard solutions of the sweeteners. 

Bergamoa, A.B., Silvaa, J. A.F and Jesusa, D.P. (2011) Simultaneous determination of aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame-K in soft drinks and tabletop sweetener formulations by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Food Chem., 124, 1714-1717. 

Fatibello-Filho, O., L. H. Marcolino, and A. V. Pereira. 1999. Solid-phase reactor with copper(II) phosphate for flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of aspartame in tabletop sweeteners. Anal. Chim. Acta 384 167-174. 

The determination of acesulfame-K, cyclamate, and saccharin individually or simultaneously with other artificial sweeteners and/or other food additives in foods, soft drinks, and tabletop sweeteners is very important for legal, health, and consumer safety aspects. Thus, reliable, simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and robust analytical methods using low-cost equipment are essential to protect human health, meet the requirement to ensure product quality, and support the compliance and enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to food safety. Flow analysis is shown to be a powerful analytical tool for the automated determination of acesulfame-K, cyclamate, and saccharin in food samples, and it is an interesting alternative for use in sweetener determinations when only one analyte is determined in a large number of samples. In the last few years, flow analysis... 

Armenta, S., S. Garrigues, and M. de la Guardia. 2004. FT-IR Determination of aspartame and acesulfame-K in tabletop sweeteners. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 7798-7803. 

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