Speed enforcement

Hirst, W.M., Mountain, L.J., and Maher, M.J. 2005. Are speed enforcement cameras more effective than other speed management measures An evaluation of the relationship between speed and accident reductions. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 4(37), 731-741. 

Stefan, C. 2006. Section control— Automatic speed enforcement in the Kaisermiihlen tunnel (Vienna, A22 Motorway). Kuratorium fur verkehrssichterheit, Austrian Road Safety Board, Vienna, Austria. 

Thomas, L. J., Srinivasan, R., Decina, L. E., and Staplin, L. 2008. Safety effects of automated speed enforcement programs. Transportation Research Record, 2078, 117-126. 

Novelty effects occur. In determining policy effects (ex-post), it is customary to measure a dependent variable before and again after an intervention. An example is measuring speed behaviour before and after a project on speed enforcement or before and after an information campaign. The differences that are measured can then be explained, taking... 

Another common speed management technique is speed enforcement. There is ample evidence that drivers respond to perceived enforcement by adjusting their behavior, most notably by reducing their speed (Shinar and McKnight, 1985). The effect of enforcement is typically maximal at the site of the perceived enforcement, but halo effects - an extension of the effect... 

In general, the rules to effective enforcement are the same as the rules of schedules of reinforcement formulated by B.F. Skinner on the basis of observations of pigeons and rats the more consistent and intense (i.e., visible everywhere) the enforcement, the greater the rate of compliance the more immediate the feedback (i.e., the citation or arrest) the greater its effectiveness. These principles have been demonstrated repeatedly in many studies (e.g., De Waard and Rooijers, 1994 Shinar and McKnight, 1985). The halo effects of enforcement -both in time and in place - also follow the laws of schedules of reinforcement. Bracket and his associates demonstrated that a variable schedule of speed enforcement has longer lasting effects than a fixed schedule of daily enforcement that is abruptly terminated (Brackett and Beecher, 1980 Brackett and Edwards, 1977). 

We have three measures with which we can evaluate the direct effects of speed enforcement on speed (1) the extent of the speed reduction, (2) the spatial halo in terms of the distance at which speeds are still depressed, and (3) the temporal halo in terms of the duration of the speed reductions following the removal of the visible enforcement. Various paradigms of enforcement have been evaluated to determine the most effective strategy to maximize the effects on all three measures. A detailed discussion of the relative benefits of each is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is available elsewhere (Shinar and McKnight, 1985). This discussion will only briefly note the benefits of stationary and moving police enforcement, and the benefits of automated and programmable enforcement. 

Diamantopoulou, K. and M. Cameron (2002). An evaluation of the effectiveness of overt and covert speed enforcement achieved through mobile radar operations. MUARC Report 187. Monash University Accident Research Center, Clayon, Victoria, AU. 

Elvik, R. (1997). Effects on Accidents of Automatic Speed Enforcement in Norway. Presented at 76th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 

Goldenbeld, C. and I. van Schagen (2005). The effects of speed enforcement with mobile radar on speed and accidents an evaluation study on rural roads in the Dutch province Friesland.. 4cc. Anal, Prev., 37,1135-1144. 

Kang, J-G. (2002). Changes of speed and safety by automated speed enforcement systems. 

Mountain, L. J., W. M. Hirst and M. J. Maher (2005). Are speed enforcement cameras more effective than other speed management measures The impact of speed management schemes on 30 mph roads. Accid. Anal. Prev., 37, 742-754. 

Still we must accept the fact that life involves tradeoffe that force compromises. With today s systems many of diese tradeoffs are very easy to accept For example, modem seat belts are easy to use, quite comfortable and, as Evans (2004) points out the two seconds it takes a driver to fasten a safety belt increases the duration of a typical 15 minute trip by 0.2 percent a totally insignificant reduction in mobility, but one of very consequential magnitude. Other tradeoffs encounter greater resistance. For example, vehicle, environmental, and driver management techniques for speed control all explicitly require drivers to reduce their speed, and if speed is a desired value in driving then by definition it must be compromised. Yet even in speed control some approaches are quite acceptable to most drivers (e.g., environmental traffic calming) while odiers are not so acceptable (e.g., speed enforcement). 

Traffic rules apply equally to operators of two- and four-wheeled vehicles and should be equally enforced. As for other motorized vehicle users, enforcement is needed to improve compliance with key safety mles like speed, drinking and driving, helmet use, proper licenses and a vehicle that meets safety standards. High-visibihty enforcement accompanied by other measures, such as communication and pubhcity has proven to have a strong deterrent effect. Speed enforcement is key to reducing the speed and associated crash risk. Automated speed enforcement has proven its effectiveness for cars, but further adjustments are needed to make it as effective for PTWs. 

Speed limit changes and speed enforcement are two available measures to reduce the speed of the road users. Here, decreased speed limits on roads with and without speed cameras and the introduction of new speed cameras are examined. 

SOO 13] Soole D. W., Watson B.C., Fleiter J.J., Effects of average speed enforcement on speed compliance and crashes A review of the literature . Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 54, pp. 46-56, 2013. 

Oddly, in light of the above two responses, two in three favoured increased speed enforcement ... 

There will be more breath testing and speed enforcement by undercover vehicles on secondary roads, so any driver who thinks they know the local police hot spots should think again. ... 

Helen Wells is a criminologist in the United Kingdom who specialises in the everyday crimes of the law abiding. In an excellent recent book she has interpreted the controversy around speed enforcement via the widespread use of speed cameras... 

Brief History of Speed Enforcement Strategies and Practices... 

Delaney, A., K. Diamantopolou, and M. Cameron. MUARC s speed enforcement research Principles learnt and implications for practice. 2003, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Austraha. 

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