Economic disadvantage

Despite the many advantages of electrophotographic printing processes, a principal economic disadvantage remains each print costs the same. 

In the liquid-hquid extraction area, in the mining industry, coming out of the leach tanks is normally a slurry, in which the desired mineral is dissolved in the liquid phase. To save the expense of separation, usually by filtration or centrifugation, attempts have been made to use a resident pump extraction system in which the organic material is contacted directly with the slurry. The main economic disadvantage to this proposed system is the fact that considerable amounts of organic liquid are entrained in the aqueous slurry system, which, after the extraction is complete, is discarded. In many systems this has caused an economic loss of solvent into this waste stream. 

Many shell-and-tube condensers use copper alloy tubes, such as admiralty brasses (those containing small concentrations of arsenic, phosphorus, or antimony are called inhibited grades), aluminum brasses, and cupronickel austenitic stainless steel and titanium are also often used. Utility surface condensers have used and continue to use these alloys routinely. Titanium is gaining wider acceptance for use in sea water and severe service environments but often is rejected based on perceived economic disadvantages. 

Thus, a single CSTR requires 144.6 times the volume of a single PFR, and the inefficiency of using a CSTR to achieve high conversions is dramatically illustrated. The volume disadvantage drops fairly quickly when CSTRs are put in series, but the economic disadvantage remains great. Cost consequences are explored in Problems 4.19 and 4.20. 

Pharmaco-economic implications for Asia and other economically disadvantaged countries... 

Several issues have to be kept in mind when reading this chapter. First, there are vast differences between the economically disadvantaged countries (Sartorius, 2001). In most of them, however, the gap between the richest and poorest parts of the population has grown over the past few decades and continues to grow. The health care for the poorest groups in the population has also become weaker and of poorer quality. In relation to pharmacotherapy this means that even when low-cost medications are made available the poor do not benefit from this, because the weakness of the health system makes it impossible for them to get to health care staff who could advise them and guide them in taking these medications. 

There are many obstacles that bar the way to a wide application of modern pharmacological treatment in the economically disadvantaged countries. They include the scarcity of personnel who could prescribe and supervise the application of such treatment, the omnipresent poverty, the high cost of some medications, the... 

It is difficult to say what would be the best way to improve the pharmacotherapy of mental disorders in economically disadvantaged countries. Among areas that should be examined as options for priority attention there should be at least the following. 

LESSON 5. PESTICIDE USE, THOUGH CONFERRING SOME LOCAL AND SHORT-TERM ADVANTAGES, IS ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGEOUS, AND CAUSES MORE PROBLEMS THAN IT SOLVES. 

NAPS technology in which butanal is extracted with a non-aqueous solvent would probably also work technically, but it would be economically disadvantaged over processes in which butanal is separated by vaporization. In addition, since aldehyde byproduct formation can be controlled by vaporization of dimers and trimers and ligand decomposition products can be controlled by adjustments of reactor and separator conditions, neither of these problems would be uniquely solved using NAPS. 

The GAO stated that the goals in the act for fuel replacement were not met because alternative fuel vehicles have serious economic disadvantages compared to conventional gasoline engines. These included the comparative price of gasoline, the lack of refueling stations for alternative fuels and the additional costs of these vehicles. 

An interesting novel approach to the synthesis of (metallo)dendrimer catalysts could be the use of random hyperbranched polymers [38]. Obviously, these hyperbranched polymers have comparable but less defined structures, but to arrive at dendrimers with similar sizes, a larger number of preparative steps are required, which may be an economic disadvantage. Furthermore, materials involving heterogeneous supports with well-defined metallodendritic subunits [15] can be a promising future direction giving rise to new types of supramolecu-lar catalysts that can easily be recovered from production streams. 

Figure 4.1 shows the whole sale prices of a number of possible alternative fuels on an energy equivalent basis compared to conventional gasoline (AlCHE, 1997). Only compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) appear to have some economic advantage relative to gasoline while ethanol, methanol and electricity are at a severe economic disadvantage (Piel, 2001). 

It is difficult to determine the extent of passing because many who have passed conceal It. In fact, some descendants of those who have passed permanently may be unaware of It themselves because their families purposely hid the knowledge from them. Passing is believed to be more common for men than for women. One explanation holds that passing usually involves economic advantages to African American males who must compete In a white man s world, but economic disadvantages for African American females who could get a white husband only from the lower classes, but possibly an African American husband from the upper classes (Myrdal, 1944). 

The ultrasound equipment is also readily available in private medical practice offices. It is certainly the imaging modality of choice for remote places and/or economically disadvantaged areas. 

The most economical procedure for a liquid-liquid extraction would be a single step extraction, since extraction procedures including several steps with the same or with different solvents are laborious and economically disadvantageous. Optimisation of extraction of more than one solute, which give different selective interactions (different response surfaces in the same mixture space), may require several extraction steps with different optimal extraction solvents or separate analysis of each analyte. However, procedures can be used, which select a composition of the extraction liquid that provides satisfactory partition coefficients or extraction yields for all solutes to be extracted. 

In a series of agonists and antagonists (for definitions, see section 2.4), the eudismic affinity quotient can also he defined as a measure of stereoselectivity. Because of widespread misconceptions, the distomer of a racemate is often considered inactive and of no consequence to pharmacological activity, an idea reinforced by the fact that resolution (i.e., separation) of racemates is economically disadvantageous. In the 1980s, Ariens and his associates (Ariens et al., 1983 Ariens, 1984, 1986) published a series of influential books and papers that showed the fallacy of this concept and pointed out the necessity of using pure enantiomers in therapy and research thankfully, this message has now been learned. 

The three important methylxanthines are theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine. Their major source is beverages (tea, cocoa, and coffee, respectively). The importance of theophylline as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of asthma has waned as the greater effectiveness of inhaled adrenoceptor agents for acute asthma and of inhaled anti-inflammatory agents for chronic asthma has been established, but theophylline s very low cost is an important advantage for economically disadvantaged patients in societies in which health care resources are limited. 

Chemical products are of vital importance to the economic and social well being of our society in terms of trade and employment. Numerous chemical substances are used in a broad range of products and processes. They also help to improve the health and quality of life of the population through new developments such as in pharmaceuticals, food safety, pesticides and in many other products. During or after their use, these substances are released to the environment to a varying extent and may lead to pollution. This results in both ecological and - due to unnecessary losses - economic disadvantages. 

The detergent properties of the alkyl sulfonates approach those of the alkyl aryl sulfonates, but the commercial processing problems have placed these materials at an economic disadvantage. 

This cell works optimally at 80 °C using relatively inexpensive materials. When it is switched on in the cold, it produces about one-quarter of the power finally produced after it warms up. This is an advantage compared with other types of fuel cells operating at intermediate (200 °C) or high (650 to 1000 °C) temperatures, which need an auxiliary power source to start them and warm them up. The alkaline environment means that a wide range of electrode catalysts are available, while cells using acid solutions can only use noble metal electrode materials, which is a distinct economic disadvantage for terrestrial applications. 

A remarkable drawback of procedure A, however, is that working with surrogates for incorporation in packaging materials is a very laborous process and only possible with special precautionary measures. Therefore this test approach, which has to be applied case by case, again implicates an economically disadvantageous situation. In addition, enforcement laboratories cannot make use of this method. 

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