Comparative advantage

Economist David Ricardo coined the term comparative advantage in 1817 that extends Smith s concept. It is counter-intuitive because comparative advantage says that, even if a country has an absolute advantage in 

A concept called complementarity holds that the outsourcing and offshoring creates complementary requirements in the U.S. company that expand the scale and the scope of the U.S. enterprise. Scale refers to growth in the functions performed in the company due to its larger size. Scope refers to the mix of activities done in the home country, with a focus on higher skilled activities that displace the low-cost activities that are transferred elsewhere. So the home country concentrates on high value coordination and marketing while the supplier nation concentrates on lower value physical production. 

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The benefits of alcohol fuels include increased energy diversification in the transportation sector, accompanied by some energy security and balance of payments benefits, and potential air quaUty improvements as a result of the reduced emissions of photochemically reactive products (see Air POLLUTION). The Clean Air Act of 1990 and emission standards set out by the State of California may serve to encourage the substantial use of alcohol fuels, unless gasoline and diesel technologies can be developed that offer comparable advantages. 

The profits resulting from specialization in the manufacture of products in which a company has a comparative advantage lead to an increase in welfare. 

Porter, M. E. The comparative advantage of nations. London (MacMillan Press Ltd) 1990... 

It is entirely conceivable, for example, that, over the next several decades, more and more pharmaceutical research will shift from Europe and the United States to Asia, especially to China, where there will likely be an abundance of highly trained and relatively low-cost scientific personnel to conduct the research. Even the more economically developed Asian nations, such as Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, are likely to benefit from this migration, as long as they strive to have a comparative advantage in scientific research vis-a-vis the United States and Europe. 

In addition, the reaction is very chemoselective and even a keto group is tolerated (Table 5). It should be underlined that this procedure compares advantageously to the corresponding palladium- or nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions. 

First, let us recall the shortcomings of the sales concept in face of information asymmetries. As stated in section 2, the traditional selling of chemicals, firstly, does not prevent over-consumption. In a competitive market it is rather the aim of the sales concept to sell as much commodities as possible to increase the profits of the sellers. A sales contract consequently provides no incentives to reduce such adverse effects of chemicals on human health and the environment that are related to the quantity of chemicals in use. Secondly, the sales concept provides no incentives for transferring accurate knowledge on the efficient application of the chemical, as this lowers the profits of the sellers. In contrast, Chemical Leasing business models are capable to effectively deal with problems of information asymmetries. Based on the findings of Ohl and Moser (2007), both models introduced above (A and B) show comparative advantages as follows ... 

While it may be impossible for SMEs to change such unsatisfactory circumstances, this is likely to be different on part of the producers. The safe handling of chemicals is part of the core business of producers. As a consequence, it may be assumed that producers have comparative advantages in handling and storing the chemical and, moreover, facilities for an effective recycling of chemicals. 

Table 1.1 Comparative advantages and limitations of the most common atomic workhorses of dissolved samples analysis by optical spectrometry.

A state-of-the-art production site and plant network with clear competence profiles for each plant also requires the centralized and structured allocation or reallocation of products to plants, depending on comparative advantages and available capacities. A dedicated organization and systems need to be in place to facilitate efficient and global decision processes. 

A significant comparative advantage of this BSG hydrolysate lies with the low level of microbial inhibitors it is among the lowest reported in the literature (16,37). In fact, the more relevant inhibitors usually considered for lignocellulosic-based hydrolysates, acetic acid and furfural, are present at 1.2 and 0.6 g/L, respectively, which is lower than the levels of microbial inhibition presented in the literature, at 4 and 1 g/L respectively (39). 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a considerably newer technique than X-ray crystallography, and it has certain comparative advantages. First, it does not require proteins to be in crystalline form Proteins can be studied in near-physiological environmental conditions. Second, it is a quicker process. On the other hand, it also has comparative disadvantages. It is limited by the size of the molecule and by the solubility of the molecule being studied, which means that... 

The addition of an allylic group was reported in the synthesis of heneicos-6-en-ll-one, the sex pheromone of the Douglas fir tussock moth.67 This method was compared advantageously to the classical processes employing the toxic tin hydrides, with respect to the rates, yields, and chemoselectivity.68,69 Concerning the stereoselectivity however, no major difference exists between the conventional and sonochemical methods.70,71... 

The comparative advantage of the DOE in research and development of technologies at the pre-competitive stage. 

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