Dyeing textile fibers

Textile applications Textile bags Textile bleaching Textile cord Textile dyeing Textile fibers Textile finishes Textile finishing... 

Other Compounds Magenta and Basic Red 9 (CAS 569-61-9), a common constituent of Magenta, have been used to dye textile fibers, to prepare printing inks, and in biological stains. In workers engaged in the manufacture of Magenta, there was a marked excess of cancer of the urinary bladder. It is possible that the workers were also exposed to o-toluidine. Cl Basic Red 9 (Figure 30) was, however, an inducer of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice and rats after oral administration, and induced local sarcomas after subcutaneous administration. 

Textile fibers. 2. Textile finishing. 3. Dyes and dyeing--Textile fibers. I. Title. 

In a process of dyeing textile fibers, a plurality of textile fibers are contacted with a polymer dispersed in a non-aqueous carrier liquid so as to deposit the polymer and the carrier on the fibers. Such polymer-treated fibers are then contacted with a disperse dye material under conditions effective to bond the disperse dye material to the polymer coating. Solvent used in the first stage is toluol/IPA. ... 

Most textile fibers are delustered with 0.1—3.0 wt % Ti02 to reduce the gHtter and plastic appearance. Many PET fibers also contain optical bTighteners (17). Through the use of soluble dyes or pigments, including photochromic pigments (19), a wide variety of producer-colored fibers and effects is available. 

Phthalocyanine Dyes. In addition to their use as pigments, the phthalocyanines have found widespread appHcation as dyestuffs, eg, direct and reactive dyes, water-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, solvent-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, a2o reactive dyes, a2o nonreactive dyes, sulfur dyes, and wet dyes. The first phthalocyanine dyes were used in the early 1930s to dye textiles like cotton (qv). The water-soluble forms Hke sodium salts of copper phthalocyanine disulfonic acid. Direct Blue 86 [1330-38-7] (Cl 74180), Direct Blue 87 [1330-39-8] (Cl 74200), Acid Blue 249 [36485-85-5] (Cl 74220), and their derivatives are used to dye natural and synthetic textiles (qv), paper, and leather (qv). The sodium salt of cobalt phthalocyanine, ie. Vat Blue 29 [1328-50-3] (Cl 74140) is mostly appHed to ceUulose fibers (qv). 

Sulfur dyes are used mainly for dyeing textile ceUulosic materials or blends of ceUulosic fibers (qv) with synthetic fibers such as acryUc fibers, polyamides (nylons), and polyesters. They are also used for sHk (qv) and paper (qv) in limited quantities for specific appHcations. Solubilized sulfur dyes are used on certain types of leathers (qv). 

Classification by usage or appHcation is the principal system adopted by the Colour Index (5). Because the most important textile fibers are cotton (qv) and polyester, the most important dye types are those used for dyeing these two fibers, including polyester—cotton blends (see Fibers, polyester). 

Mordant Dyes. This group includes many natural as well as synthetic dyes. They have no or low substantivity for textile fibers and are therefore appHed to ceUulosic or protein fibers that have been treated (mordanted) with metallic oxides to give points of attraction for the dye. The dye... 

Premetallized Dyes. This dye group is appHed to the same textile fibers and with the same procedures as those with acid dyes. The premetallized dyes offer better fastness properties, but lack brilliancy of shade. Except ia printing of carpeting, the neutral dyeiag types of premetallized dyes are appHed generally without acid or acid donor. 

Basic (Cationic) Dyes. The use of basic dyes is confined mainly to acryUc textile fibers, acetate, and as complementary dyes for acid-modified polyester fibers that accept this class of dyes. 

Phthalocyanine Dyes. These days are synthesized as the metal complex on the textile fiber from, eg, phthalonittile and metal salts. A print paste typicaUy contains phthalonittile dissolved in a suitable solvent and nickel or copper salts. During a heat or steam fixation of 3—5 min, the dye is formed. The color range is restricted to blue and green shades and can be influenced to some extent by the choice of metal salt. A hot acid bath during afterscouting completes the process. 

Uses It is used as a chemical raw material for a myriad of everyday products such as plastics, detergents, textile fibers, drugs, dyes, and insecticides. It is also found in gasoline with other aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Virtually all of the nitrobenzene made is converted to aniline. The most important use of aniline is for the preparation of 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl methane (commonly called methylenedianiline or MDA), an intermediate to one of the main ingredients used to make polyurethane foams and rubber. Aniline is also used to make other rubber chemicals, textile fiber intermediates, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. 

Dyes are classified in accordance with either the chemical constitute or their application to textile fibers for coloring purposes. Table 1 gives this classification... 

Nitrate is normally found in textile processing wastewaters and generally comes from salts such as sodium nitrate, which is included in the dye baths for the improvement of dye fixation to the textile fibers. Nitrate concentrations used in textile processing can reach 40-100 g/L [35], The importance of nitrate in anaerobic phase of SBR is that nitrate can compete with the azo dye for reducing the equivalents formed, resulting in decreasing decolorization [2, 5, 7, 35, 36], Wuhrmann et al. [5] reported that azo dye cannot be decolorized until denitrification ends up. 

The technique of spin dyeing chemical fibers may be located somewhere between the textiles and the plastics area. In contrast to textile coloration, the material which is to be extruded is colored before the fiber is made. The requirements to be met by pigments are therefore similar to those which apply to the coloration of... 

In this section a number of polycyclic pigments are discussed which have been used for a long time as vat dyes for textile fibers. Heading the list are perylene, perinone, and thioindigo pigments, as well as pigments derived from anthraquinone. 

Random copolymerization of one or more additional monomers into the backbone of PET is a traditional approach to reducing crystallinity slightly (to increase dye uptake in textile fibers) or even to render the copolymer completely amorphous under normal processing and use conditions (to compete with polycarbonate, cellulose propionate and acrylics in clear, injection molded or extruded objects). 

The amount of drawing used depends on (1) the amount of orientation already present from spinning, and (2) the desired level of fiber properties. High levels of final orientation are desired for technical fibers where high tenacity and high initial modulus are needed. Less orientation may be needed for textile fibers, so that dye penetration is faster and the fibers are less stiff. 

The most economically important materials with respect to ozone damage are paint, elastomers (rubbers), and textile fiber-dye systems. Damage to polyethylene by ozone is considered to be negligible. The 1970 ozone damage to materials has been estimated as follows paint, 540 million elastomers, 569 million and textile fibers and dyes, 84 million—for a total of over 1 billion. Thus, the total combined material and crop damage falls between 1.5 and 2 billion per year. Estimates of damage to natural ecosystems are not available. 

To facilitate an overview and to consider the specific differences of textile fibers during pretreatment, dyeing, and finishing, the sections have been focused on the most important types of fibers wool, cotton, and synthetic fibers. Mixtures of fibers can be seen as systems combining problems of the single fiber types. In Section 8.3 end-of-pipe technologies have been summarized. 

The annual production of wool is approximately 1.2 million tons, which corresponds to a share of 2% of the total production of textile fibers. A simplified route for the preparation, dyeing, and finishing of woolen textiles is shown in Figure 3. 

Polyester fibers represent the most important group of man-made fibers. With an annual production volume of 19.2 Mt, polyester fibers hold second position in world production of textile fibers [10]. Polyester is usually dyed with disperse dyes. 

---