Dyeing textile fibers cotton

Phthalocyanine Dyes. In addition to their use as pigments, the phthalocyanines have found widespread appHcation as dyestuffs, eg, direct and reactive dyes, water-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, solvent-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, a2o reactive dyes, a2o nonreactive dyes, sulfur dyes, and wet dyes. The first phthalocyanine dyes were used in the early 1930s to dye textiles like cotton (qv). The water-soluble forms Hke sodium salts of copper phthalocyanine disulfonic acid. Direct Blue 86 [1330-38-7] (Cl 74180), Direct Blue 87 [1330-39-8] (Cl 74200), Acid Blue 249 [36485-85-5] (Cl 74220), and their derivatives are used to dye natural and synthetic textiles (qv), paper, and leather (qv). The sodium salt of cobalt phthalocyanine, ie. Vat Blue 29 [1328-50-3] (Cl 74140) is mostly appHed to ceUulose fibers (qv). 

Classification by usage or appHcation is the principal system adopted by the Colour Index (5). Because the most important textile fibers are cotton (qv) and polyester, the most important dye types are those used for dyeing these two fibers, including polyester—cotton blends (see Fibers, polyester). 

To facilitate an overview and to consider the specific differences of textile fibers during pretreatment, dyeing, and finishing, the sections have been focused on the most important types of fibers wool, cotton, and synthetic fibers. Mixtures of fibers can be seen as systems combining problems of the single fiber types. In Section 8.3 end-of-pipe technologies have been summarized. 

Ink Dyes for Textiles. The two main textile fibers are cellulose (cotton) and polyester. Ink-jet dyes for cotton are existing textile reactive dyes [18,19] but purified... 

Most textiles found in historic museums are natural fibers dyed with natural dyestuffs. Therefore, in this experiment two common textiles, cotton and wool, were dyed with safflower, madder root, logwood chips, and indigo. These dyes were chosen to represent a range of colors often found in historic textiles. The cotton and wool textiles were obtained... 

Azoic dyes. Azo dyes contain at least one azo group (—N=N—) attached to one or often two aromatic rings. They are produced in textile fibers (usually cotton, rayon, and polyester), by diazotization of a primary aromatic amine followed by coupling of the resulting diazonium salt with an electron-rich nucleophile (azo coupling). A variety of hues can be obtained... 

The world textile industry is one of the largest consumers of dyestuffs. An understanding of the chemistry of textile fibers is necessary to select an appropriate dye from each of the several dye classes so that the textile product requirements for proper shade, fastness, and economics are achieved. The properties of some of the more commercially important natural and synthetic fibers are briefly discussed in this section. The natural fibers may be from plant sources (such as cotton and flax), animal sources (such as wool and silk), or chemically modified natural materials (such as rayon and acetate fibers). The synthetic fibers include nylon, polyester, acrylics, polyolefins, and spindex. The various types of fiber along with the type of dye needed are summarized in Table 8.2. 

Camille and Henry Dreyfus developed the first commercial process to manufacture cellulose acetate in 1905 and commercialized the spinning of cellulose acetate fibers in 1924 in the United States. At that time, the only other human-made fiber was viscose rayon, which was still in its early stages of commercialization. The main textile fibers were natural fibers cotton, wool, silk, and flax. Cellulose triacetate textile fiber was commercialized later in the 1950s. The tremendous technical effort by the Dreyfus Brothers resulted in more than 300 patents describing such significant inventions as the dry-spinning process and disperse dyeing. 

Storage Store in cool, dry place keep tightly closed keep away from oxidizing materials Uses Dye for fibers, silk, paper, biological stains, leather, wood stains, spirit inks, varnishes, cotton, textiles antiseptic in form of the thiocyanate or hydrochloride citrate salt disinfectant in treatment of throat infections Manuf./Distrib. Acros Org. http //www.acros.be, Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com, Fluka http //www.sigma-aidrich.com, Pfaltz Bauer http //www.pfaitzandbauer.com, TCI Am. http //www.tciamerica. com Basic orange 14 CAS 65-61-2... 

In certain cases, identifying the specific garment or textile product and the allergen it contains will be an important undertaking. The fiber content of the fabric will narrow the possible dyes, as certain dyes are used to color certain fibers. Cotton, rayon, and linen fabrics are dyed with direct, fiber-reactive, mordant, azoic, sulfur, and vat dyes. Wool fabrics are dyed with acid, mordant, and fiber-reactive dyes. Polyester fabrics are dyed with disperse dyes unless the polyester is modified to accept basic dyes. Nylon fabrics are colored with acid and disperse dyes unless modified to accept basic dyes. Acrylic fabrics are dyed with basic and disperse dyes. Acetate fabrics are dyed with disperse dyes. Other synthetic fibers are dyed with disperse dyes. 

Insolubilization. Insolubilization of compounds within textiles parallels the history of humanity the direct dyeing techniques for cotton were highly advanced in the Bronze Age. With the exception of fiber-reactive dyes discussed earlier, other cotton dyes, ie, vat and sulfur, are insolubilized within the fiber after an oxidization step. Insoluble metal oxides have been used to flameproof cotton, and zirconium compounds have been insolubilized on cotton to render the fabric microbial resistant (135) or mildew resistant (136) via a mineral dyeing process (see Textile Finishing). 

The major part of the production of PET is utilized for the manufacture of textile fibers. Their annual world production is about 18 million tons, which corresponds to two-thirds of the production of synthetic textile fibers. These fibers are used either alone or mixed with cotton or wool. However, the tinctoriability of PET fibers is low and, in a pure state, dyeing is obtained by dispersion of the dye in amorphous zones of the semicrystalline material. Another solution to solve this problem involves replacement of pure PET by various copolymers that introduce reactive functional groups along the chains simultaneously with the reduction of the degree of crystallinity the latter point is detrimental to the mechanical properties. 

Uses Surfactant for skin care gels, dairy cleaning, laundry prods.. It. duly detergents, paper processing fiber lubricanl/anlistat for textile spinning, cotton dye leveling... 

Textile fabric may also be treated with isolated CBMs or CBMs fused with other molecules or enzymes. Banka et al. demonstrated that a fibril-forming protein from T. reesei causes non-hydrolytic disruption of cotton fibers [150]. Lee et al. obtained images, by atomic force microscopy, of holes left in cotton fibers treated with inactivated CBH I. The holes are attributed to the penetration of fibers by the binding domain [151]. It has been shown that the surface of ramie cotton is roughened by treatments with CBM2 from C. fimi. Gilkes et al proposed that the treatment of cellulosic fibers with CBMs could be used in order to alter the dyeing characteristics of cellulose fibers [152]. Indeed, it was showed that CBM treatment increased the dye affinity of cotton fibers, especially in the case of acid dyes [153]. 

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