Chemical fibers

Fiberglass manufacturing scrubber sludge Secondary and synthetic fiber Chemicals Variable-volume filter press 3 37... 

In these sensors, the intrinsic absorption of the analyte is measured directly. No indicator chemistry is involved. Thus, it is more a kind of remote spectroscopy, except that the instrument comes to the sample (rather than the sample to the instrument or cuvette). Numerous geometries have been designed for plain fiber chemical sensors, all kinds of spectroscopies (from IR to mid-IR and visible to the UV from Raman to light scatter, and from fluorescence and phosphorescence intensity to the respective decay times) have been exploited, and more sophisticated methods including evanescent wave spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance have been applied. 

Yang Y., Wallace P.A., Campbell M., Distributed optical fiber chemical sensor, SPIE Proc. 2594, 233-242, (1996). 

OFDs can be divided into two subclasses (1) optical fiber chemical detectors (OFCD) which detect the presence of chemical species in samples, and (2) optical fiber biomolecular detectors (OFBD) which detect biomolecules in samples. Each subclass can be divided further into probes and sensors, and bioprobes and biosensors, respectively. As a result of the rapid expansion of optical research, these terms have not been clearly defined and to date, the terms probe and sensof have been used synonymously in the literature. As the number of publications increases, the terminology should be clarified. Although both probes and sensors serve to detect chemicals in samples, they are not identical. The same situation exists with bioprobes and biosensors. Simply, probes and bioprobes are irreversible to the analyte s presence, whereas sensors and biosensors monitor compounds reversibly and continuously. 

Due to the potential regression in supply and use of disazo directs and vats as well as more strenuous wet fastness requirements, textile firms dyeing cotton-containing fabrics are projected to switch production to reactive dyes in increasing numbers. Reactive dyes are unique in that the dye with the cellulose in cotton or rayon. In the process the material is impregnated with the reactive dye, base is added to the bath to effect the dye/fiber chemical reaction, and the fabric is then carried through an afterscour. Reactive dyes have several severe drawbacks ... 

Resistance to H2SO4 and SCC used in manufacture of synthetic rubber, high-octane gasoline, solvents, explosives, plastics, synthetic fibers, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food processing, not resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion in low pH chloride media... 

Fiber Chemicals Division, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, Nov. 1971. 

The dyeing of fiber from an aqueous dye bath depends on the dye-fiber interaction. Depending on the nature of dye and the nature of fiber, the dye is fixed onto the fiber chemically or physically. Table 8.1 shows the methods of apphcation for various dye classes and principal substrates [7]. 

Use Reduction of various organic compounds purification of aldehydes and ketones, iodine, sodium hydrosulfite antiseptic source of sulfurous acid, particularly in brewing analytical chemistry tanning bleaching straw and textile fibers chemical preservative in foods (except meats and other sources of vitamin B,). 

An optical fiber chemical sensor and biosensor are devices that can selectively detect the presence and concentration of chemical and bio species, respectively. The development of such sensors can be performed in three major steps (or tasks) (a) sensor design (b) sensor development and processing, which involves (1) selection and characterization of chemical sensitive material, such as polyaniUne... 

Carbostat 2203. [Hoechst Celanese/ Colorants Surf.] Cationic quaternary amine textile and fiber chemicals. 

Polyglycoi. [HoechstCelanese/Cotoants Surf.] Random EQTPO copolymers textile and fiber chemicals. 

Raw material used Wool synthetic fibers, chemicals for treating Iron ore, limestone, recycled scrap Inorganic and organic chemicals Chemical substances, e.g., solvents and acids ... 

Recently, optodes (optical fiber chemical sensors) have been actively studied due to their inherent characteristics such as immunity to electrical noise, ease of miniaturization and the possibility of real time monitoring and remote sensing. For example, a change in absorption peak with humidity is observed using a Nafion membrane ion exchanged with dye, such as crystal violet305 or tri-phenylcarbinol.306 Similarly, a Nafion membrane loaded with the ruthenium complex [Ru(bpy)2(dhphen)]2 (bpy 2,2 -bipyridine, dhphen 4,7-dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthroline) has been used as an optical pH sensor.307... 

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