Dyeing textile fibers acetate

Basic (Cationic) Dyes. The use of basic dyes is confined mainly to acryUc textile fibers, acetate, and as complementary dyes for acid-modified polyester fibers that accept this class of dyes. 

Dyeing - [PROPYLENE OXIDE] (Vol 20) -with azo dyes [AZO DYES] (Vol 3) -iron compounds m [IRON COMPOUNDS] (Vol 14) -monobasic aluminum acetate [ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS - ALUMINUM CARBOXYLATES] (Vol 2) -of textiles [FIBERS - SURVEY] (Vol 23) -use of chelating agents [CHELATING AGENTS] (Vol 5) -wool [WOOL] (Vol 25)... 

Classification by usage or application is the principal system adopted by the Colour Index [5], Because the most important textile fibers are cotton and polyester, the most important dye types are those used for dyeing these two fibers, including polyester-cotton blends (see Chapter 4). Other textile fibers include nylon, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulose acetate. 

The world textile industry is one of the largest consumers of dyestuffs. An understanding of the chemistry of textile fibers is necessary to select an appropriate dye from each of the several dye classes so that the textile product requirements for proper shade, fastness, and economics are achieved. The properties of some of the more commercially important natural and synthetic fibers are briefly discussed in this section. The natural fibers may be from plant sources (such as cotton and flax), animal sources (such as wool and silk), or chemically modified natural materials (such as rayon and acetate fibers). The synthetic fibers include nylon, polyester, acrylics, polyolefins, and spindex. The various types of fiber along with the type of dye needed are summarized in Table 8.2. 

Camille and Henry Dreyfus developed the first commercial process to manufacture cellulose acetate in 1905 and commercialized the spinning of cellulose acetate fibers in 1924 in the United States. At that time, the only other human-made fiber was viscose rayon, which was still in its early stages of commercialization. The main textile fibers were natural fibers cotton, wool, silk, and flax. Cellulose triacetate textile fiber was commercialized later in the 1950s. The tremendous technical effort by the Dreyfus Brothers resulted in more than 300 patents describing such significant inventions as the dry-spinning process and disperse dyeing. 

Cellulose acetate and triacetate fibers have survived in the marketplace because they have certain unusual properties that demonstrate significant advantages over other polymerie materials. Cellulose acetate and triacetate textile fibers are luxurious. Fabrics made from them have an excellent hand, dye to brilliant, attractive shades, and are soft and comfortable. Regarding cellulose acetate and triacetate plastics and films, no other polymers can match the sparkling clarity possessed by these. For cigarette-smoke filtration, cellulose acetate offers a unique balance of properties including smoke removal efficiency and contribution to taste that makes it the standard of the industry. 

CAS 7128-64-5 EINECS/ELINCS 230-426-4 Uses Fluorescent whitener, optical brightener for thermoplastics (PVC, PE, PP, cellulose acetate, PS, PC, acrylics, polyolefins, PU, linear polyester, polyamides), adhesives, coatings, printing inks (for security bonds, bank notes), dyes, textiles (syn. fibers incl. PVC and acetate), molded articles, films, sheets, syn. leather, waxes, fats, and oils tracer in clear coatings... 

Adipic acid/epoxypropyl diethylenetriamine copolymer Benzalkonium chloride p-Dimethoxybenzene Hexamethylenetetramine Lauralkonium chloride fixative, dyes on cellulosic fibers Dicyandiamide formaldehyde resin fixative, dyes textile printing Magnesium acetate fixative, enzyme immobilization Glutaral Polyethylene imine fixative, enzyme immobilization food Cellulose triacetate Periodic acid fixative, essential oils Hydroabietyl alcohol fixative, essential oils/perfumes Tri ch I oromethyl phenyIcarbi nyI acetate fixative, fiber reactive dyes textiles Dimethylamine/epichlorohydrin/ethylenediamin e copolymer... 

The textiles printing industry has an appreciable interest in P.Y.17 and applies it in the form of pigment preparations. Where its fastness properties satisfy the specifications and where the use requirements are not too demanding, the pigment is also utilized for spin dyeing purposes. Manufacturer recommendations include media such as polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate fibers, on which 1/3 SD pigment prints exhibit a lightfastness which is equal to step 5 on the Blue Scale. 

P.R.170 is not always heat stable enough to allow application in polyolefins. In HDPE systems formulated at 1/3 SD, the pigment tolerates exposure to 220 to 240°C for one minute. Its tinctorial strength, on the other hand, is excellent. P.R.170 is also occasionally used in polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing in the latter medium, it satisfies the specifications of the clothing and home textiles industries. Besides, P.R.170 lends color to viscose rayon and viscose cellulose it is used for the mass coloration of semisynthetic fibers made of cellulose last but not least, it colors yarns, fibers, and films made of secondary acetate. 

Uses Manufacture of acetate rayon, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates, chloroacetic acid, ethyl alcohol, ketene, methyl ethyl ketone, vinyl acetate, plastics and rubbers in tanning laundry sour acidulate and preservative in foods printing calico and dyeing silk solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils and other substances manufacture of nylon and fiber, vitamins, antibiotics and hormones production of insecticides, dyes, photographic chemicals, stain removers latex coagulant textile printing. 

Magnesium acetate is used in the manufacture of rayon fiber for cigarette filters and as a fixative for dyes in textile printing. It also is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 

The more intensely colored 1,4-naphthoquinones with amino and/or hydroxyl groups in the 5- and 8-positions are analogous to the commercial anthraquinone dyes, but are generally more bathochromic [10], For example, 5-methylamino-1,4-naphthoquinone has Xmax 529 nm in cyclohexane, whereas 1-methylaminoanthraquinone has Xmax 495 nm. This is also true for the 5,8-disubstituted naphthoquinones, but this potential advantage has not proved of commercial significance, and few such compounds have been considered as textile dyes. An exception is 5-amino-2,3-dichloro-8-hydroxy-l,4-naphthoquinone (4) [68217-33-4], which has been claimed as a violet disperse dye for acetate fibers [14], Naphthazarin (1) is an example of a 5,8-disubstituted naphthoquinone of greater value as an intermediate than as a dyes. 

Pure acrylonitrile may polymerize at room temperature to polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a compound that, unlike polyamides and polyesters, does not melt at elevated temperatures but only softens and finally discolors and decomposes. Nor is it soluble in inexpensive low-boiling organic solvents. Because fibers made from it resist the dyeing operations commonly used in the textile industry, the usual practice is to modify it by copolymerization with other monomers, for example, vinyl acetate, styrene, acrylic esters, acrylamide, or vinyl pyridine in amounts up to 15 percent of the total weight (beyond which the final product may not be termed an acrylic fiber). The choice of modifier depends on the characteristics that a given manufacturer considers important in a fiber, the availability and cost of the raw materials in the manufacturer s particular area of production, and the patent situation. 

Uses Emulsifier for acrylic, vinyl acetate, and SBR latexes, films textile dyeing assistant flocculant scale inhibitor sludge conditioner dispersant for cosmetics hair fixing agent for polyion complex antistat for paper, fibers, plastics artificial biomembranes photochemical metal plating brightener pharmaceuticals... 

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