Dyeing textile fibers fiber preparation

Other Compounds Magenta and Basic Red 9 (CAS 569-61-9), a common constituent of Magenta, have been used to dye textile fibers, to prepare printing inks, and in biological stains. In workers engaged in the manufacture of Magenta, there was a marked excess of cancer of the urinary bladder. It is possible that the workers were also exposed to o-toluidine. Cl Basic Red 9 (Figure 30) was, however, an inducer of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice and rats after oral administration, and induced local sarcomas after subcutaneous administration. 

Virtually all of the nitrobenzene made is converted to aniline. The most important use of aniline is for the preparation of 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl methane (commonly called methylenedianiline or MDA), an intermediate to one of the main ingredients used to make polyurethane foams and rubber. Aniline is also used to make other rubber chemicals, textile fiber intermediates, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. 

The annual production of wool is approximately 1.2 million tons, which corresponds to a share of 2% of the total production of textile fibers. A simplified route for the preparation, dyeing, and finishing of woolen textiles is shown in Figure 3. 

However, serious defects were soon apparent even in this system. After the six standard scales were prepared, requiring 33 dyes, the process of arriving at a reliable estimation of the degree of light fastness was very complicated and difficult because of the variations in color in the standards. Also, there was the difficulty that there was no uniformity of gradation in the standard dyeings with different textile fibers,... 

ERNALTEX bases are produced by Alframine Corp. for the preparation of textile softening and finishing agents, dye fixatives, fiber static eliminators, emulsifiers, anti-stick agents, low-foam detergents, and yarn lubricants. 

Fiber preparation ordinarily involves scouring to remove foreign material and ensure even access to dye hquor from the dye bath. The textile material generally needs a pretreatment before dyeing. Wool must be washed to remove wax and dirt and sometimes bleached. Cotton must be boiled and bleached to remove pectins and cotton seeds and is mercerized. Sizes and spinning oils must be eliminated [7]. 

A final example of a monoazo color is an orange fiber-reactive dye, prepared by diazotizing 2-amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, coupling it with Y-methyl-J-acid, and condensing with cyanuric chloride and then with ammonia. One chlorine atom remains for reaction with textile fibers bearing hydroxyl or amino groups. 

The textiles printing industry has an appreciable interest in P.Y.17 and applies it in the form of pigment preparations. Where its fastness properties satisfy the specifications and where the use requirements are not too demanding, the pigment is also utilized for spin dyeing purposes. Manufacturer recommendations include media such as polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate fibers, on which 1/3 SD pigment prints exhibit a lightfastness which is equal to step 5 on the Blue Scale. 

P.R.176 provides very lightfast polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing products. The samples equal step 6-7 on the Blue Scale. Dry and wet crocking may affect the objects to a certain extent. P.R.176 is also used in polypropylene spin dyeing, especially for coarse textiles, such as carpet fibers, split fibers, filaments, bristles, or tape, but also for finer denier yams. A special pigment preparation for this purpose is commercially available. 1/3 SD samples tolerate exposure to up to 300°C for one minute or up to 290°C for 5 minutes. In terms of lightfastness, 0.1% colorations equal step 5-6 on the Blue Scale, while 2% samples match step 7. 

Usage in the preparation, dyeing and finishing of textiles of natural and man-made fibers as well as synthetics and their blends. 

PENTEX FR is a nonlonic/anlonic blended surfactant that is a biodegradable product for textile wet processing operations. Typical uses are in preparation of fabrics (bleaching), boil-off, and scouring of yarns and fabrics, soaping of fast dye yarns and fabrics particularly when dyed with fiber reactive dyes. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in dye and dyestuff intermediates for hair, fur, leather, cotton, and synthetics used in accelerating vulcanization, as an antioxidant, and stabilizer used in the preparation of antioxidants for petroleum fuels also used in the preparation of grease thickeners, electrical insulators, and rust removers useful as a catalyst and as an analytical reagent use in preparation of epoxy resins, synthetic fibers, heat-resistant polymers, and coatings for leather, paper, and textiles. 

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