Direct and indirect food additives

It is furthermore noted that the TTC concepts, including the structure-based approaches, are derived from databases covering substances used as direct and indirect food additives, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, and cover toxic effects related to systemic exposure to these chemicals. In addition, it is underlined that TTC has not been developed for endpoints associated with direct contact such as irritation or sensitization. 

Since QSAR models for narcosis toxicity based on Kn/W are available for many endpoints and species, it has become a popular approach applied for screening the ecological risk posed by substances for which no data are available. ECOSAR itself, with 150 relationships defined for over 50 chemical classes, has been used to predict toxicity and estimate hazards for chemical warfare agents in marine environments [96], pharmaceuticals [102-104], direct and indirect food additives, and industrial chemicals [105]. Although there are several QSAR and other predictive tools currently available, this section focuses on ECOSAR as it is one of the most widely and easily used. 

The FDCA as directed by the FDA has the authority to control the introduction of human and animal drugs, direct and indirect food additives, and the components of cosmetics. Both the safety and efficacy of any new drug must be clearly established before FDA approvals can be obtained to market the drug in the United States. Both animal and human clinical... 

Glycerol esters of rosin are generally recognized as safe substances and approved by several FDA notifications as direct and indirect food additives. They are broadly used in manifold adhesive applications, such as pressure sensitive (PSA) tapes and labels, sealants in flooring and construction, lithographic ink resins, roadmarking resins, bookbinding, as well as other specialty applications. 

Uses Defoamer in nonaq. direct and indirect food additives (corn oil mfg., deep-fat frying, esterification of veg. oils) food pkg. applies. defoamer in chemical processing (adhesive mfg., ink mfg., paint mfg., resin polymerization, formulating antifoam emulsions, insecticides/herbicides, wool fats), petrol, processing (gas... 

Are any of the toll products sold under Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations as direct or indirect food additives ... 

Approximately 40 countries reportedly permit the use of BHT as a direct or indirect food additive. BHT was approved and classified as Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration. Regulated food products could contain a combined total of up to 0.02% BHT and butylated hydroxyani-sole, based on the fat content of the food. It is also permitted at maximum levels of 0.001-0.01% in other specific products. 

C12 to C20, primarily Ci6 to ( is), used as surface lubricants in the manufacture of food-contact articles. The method, which uses ethyl palmitate (Eastman Chemicals No. 1575 Red Label) as an internal standard, has been validated at 200 ppm total FAME [185]. Other FAME standards (methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate) are available (Applied Science Laboratories) [116], Worked out examples of additive determinations are given in the Food Additives Analytical Manual [116], which also describes a great many of indirect food additives, such as BHA, BHT, TBHQ, l-chloro-2-propanol, DLTDP, fatty acid methyl esters, w-heptyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl-gallate, sodium benzoate, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate, sorbitol and phenolic antioxidants. EPA methods 606 and 8060 describe the CGC separation of phthalate esters (direct injection) (cf. Figure 4.2). 

These recommendations are intended to amplify and explain the statutory chemistry requirements for indirect food additive petitions. The science and technology of food-packaging and food-contact articles as well as the scientific basis for evaluating exposure to indirect food additives are continually evolving. Therefore, for the most current information go directly to http // vm.cfsan.fda. gov/ drns/opa-cg5. html... 

The term food additive is used to cover any substance that is expected to become a component of human food. This covers substances intentionally added to food for their nutritional, chemical, or physical benefits (e.g., colorants and gelling agents) and substances used in the manufacture or packaging of foods (i.e., food contact substances, formerly known as indirect food additives ). The US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines food additives as substances whose intended use results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component of food or otherwise affecting the characteristics of food. ... 

Walker, J.D., Knaebel, D., Mayo, K., Tunkel, J. and Gray, D.A. (2004) Use of QSARs to promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources. 1. Screening industrial chemicals and pesticides, direct food additives, indirect food additives and pharmaceuticals for biodegradation, bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity potential, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 39, 35-39. 

The Eederal Eood Safety Program resides in part under the authority of the US Food and Drug Administration. The specific statutory authority is the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). The areas of responsibility include the consideration of the safety or risk of food and color additives, both direct and indirect, and food-borne contaminants, both natural and anthropogenic. The FFDCA proscribes somewhat different standards of safety/risk for intentional food additives that undergo pre-market assessment of safety, specifically, versus those dietary constituents that are found in food as contaminants because they occur naturally or because they arise from anthropogenic sources. 

Adimoll DO can be used when regulations and recommendations governing food contact applications need to be met. The FDA has approved this material to be used to make plastic packaging as indirect food additives (substances which may come in contact with food as part of packaging or processing equipment but are not intended to be added directly to food). 

FDA approved for a wide range of applications ranging from direct food additives such as chewing gum base to indirect food additives in adhesives, paper and paperboard, and polymers as per 21CFR175, 176, 177, and 178. 

The smell of death comes in multiple forms, each of which can directly and indirectly affect crustacean behavior, ecology, and the role of crustaceans in community organization and ecosystem function. The smell of conspecific death is a powerful determinant of individual behavior that can cascade up to have larger scale consequences. Additionally, microbes can use chemical signals to gain preferential access to nutritionally rich, food-fall resources and make these less available to crustacean scavengers. Each of these situations is discussed briefly below. 

Among the worldwide total of 30000 known natural products, about 80% stems from plant resources. The number of known chemical structures of plant secondary metabolites is four times the number of known microbial secondary metabolites. Plant secondary metabolites are widely used as valuable medicines (such as paclitaxel, vinblastine, camptothecin, ginsenosides, and artemisinin), food additives, flavors, spices (such as rose oil, vanillin), pigments (such as Sin red and anthocyanins), cosmetics (such as aloe polysaccharides), and bio-pesticides (such as pyrethrins). Currently, a quarter of all prescribed pharmaceuticals compounds in industrialized countries are directly or indirectly derived from plants, or via semi-synthesis. Furthermore, 11% of the 252 drugs considered as basic and essential by the WHO are exclusively derived from plants. According to their biosynthetic pathways, secondary metabolites are usually classified into three large molecule families phenolics, terpenes, and steroids. Some known plant-derived pharmaceuticals are shown in Table 6.1. 

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