Preferential access

Being a local player in pharmaceuticals markets can carry either a penalty or an advantage. Larger products are most often licensed to companies who can provide extensive reach, worldwide by preference. The licensor has a much lower management risk through having fewer licensees and will benefits from a continuity of support. Conversely a local player may have preferential access to particular markets in a particular geography which will improve its profile as a partner. 

VDAC plays a role in the regulated flux of metabolites—usually anionic species such as phosphate, chloride, organic anions, and the adenine nucleotides—across the outer membrane. VDAC appears to form an open p -barrel structure similar to that of the bacterial porins (Section 12.5.2). although mitochondrial porins and bacterial porins may have evolved independently. Some cytoplasmic kinases bind to VDAC, thereby obtaining preferential access to the exported ATP. In contrast, the inner membrane is intrinsically impermeable to nearly all ions and polar molecules. A large family of transporters shuttles metabolites such as ATP, pyruvate, and citrate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The two faces of this membrane will be referred to as the matrix side and the cytosolic side (the latter because it is freely accessible to most small molecules in the cytosol). They are also called the N and P sides, respectively, because the membrane potential is negative on the matrix side and positive on the cytosolic side. 

The cytoplasmic kinases thereby obtaining preferential access to the exported ATP... 

The smell of death comes in multiple forms, each of which can directly and indirectly affect crustacean behavior, ecology, and the role of crustaceans in community organization and ecosystem function. The smell of conspecific death is a powerful determinant of individual behavior that can cascade up to have larger scale consequences. Additionally, microbes can use chemical signals to gain preferential access to nutritionally rich, food-fall resources and make these less available to crustacean scavengers. Each of these situations is discussed briefly below. 

The final point to be emphasized is that because one starts with a metal which is by definition in the zero oxidation state, the experimental technique will necessarily give preferential access to the lower oxidation states if these can be stabilized in the solvent system in question. In particular, for a number of metals in the Main Group section of the Periodic Table, direct electrochemical synthesis is a simple and attractive way of getting to compounds which otherwise may not easily prepared, and hence provides an entrde to the study of their chemistry. 

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