Scientific Basis

The course of aromatic substitution has been placed on a more scientific basis by the following rules of Hammick and Illingworth (jfour. Chem. Soc., 930. 2358), If a monosubstituted benzene derivative has the formula CgHsXY, where X is the atom joined to the benzene ring and Y is an atom or group of atoms attached to X, then —... 

Ion Flotation and Foam Separation. Ions and dissolved surfactant molecules can be removed from solutions by the agency of foam. In this case ions are sandwiched in foam films. The scientific basis of these processes is weU understood and successes of metal ion recovery from solutions including U, Pt, Au, as weU as different surfactants (detergents) have been reported in the Hterature. 

M. A. Altieri, A.groecolog, The Scientific Basis ofiA.ltemative A.griculture, Division of Biological Control, University of California, Berkeley, 1983. 

L. von Bogdandy and J. EngeU, The deduction of Iron Ores, Scientific Basis and Technology, Springer-Vedag, Berlin, 1971. 

Committee on the Scientific Basis of the Nation s Meat and Poultry Inspection Program, Meat and Poultry Inspection, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1985, pp. 44—47. 

The scientific basis of extractive metallurgy is inorganic physical chemistry, mainly chemical thermodynamics and kinetics (see Thermodynamic properties). Metallurgical engineering reties on basic chemical engineering science, material and energy balances, and heat and mass transport. Metallurgical systems, however, are often complex. Scale-up from the bench to the commercial plant is more difficult than for other chemical processes. 

S. Fded and co-workers, in G. J. M. McCarthy, ed.. The Scientific Basis of Nuclear Waste Management, Matedals Research Society, Plenum Press, New York, 1979, pp. 655-664. 

In this situation, management would inquire whether the product has been improved by increased tensile strength. To answer this question, in addition to a variety of analogous questions, it is necessary to have some type of scientific basis upon which to draw a conclusion. 

A scientific basis for the evaluation and interpretation of data is contained in the accompanying table descriptions. These tables characterize the way in which sample values will vary by chance alone in the context of individual obsei vations, averages, and variances. 

Although methanol from synthesis gas has been a large-scale industrial chemical for 70 years, the scientific basis of the manufacture apparently can stand some improvement, which was undertaken by Beenackers, Graaf, and Stamhiiis (in Gheremisinoff, ed., Handbook of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 3, Gulf, 1989, pp. 671—699). The process occurs at 50 to 100 atm with catalyst of oxides of Gii-Zn-Al and a feed stream of H2, GO, and GO2. Three reactions were taken for the process ... 

Ives, K.J. "Capture Mechanisms in Filtration", The Scientific Basis Of Filtration, Noordhoff Int. Publish. Co., Leyden, pp.55,93, 1975. 

A not-for-profit toxicology research institute that provides an improved scientific basis for understanding and assessing the potential adverse effects of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and consumer preducts on human health. 

Uncertainty on tlie other hand, represents lack of knowledge about factors such as adverse effects or contaminant levels which may be reduced with additional study. Generally, risk assessments carry several categories of uncertainly, and each merits consideration. Measurement micertainty refers to tlie usual eiTor tliat accompanies scientific measurements—standard statistical teclmiques can often be used to express measurement micertainty. A substantial aniomit of uncertainty is often inlierent in enviromiiental sampling, and assessments should address tliese micertainties. There are likewise uncertainties associated with tlie use of scientific models, e.g., dose-response models, and models of environmental fate and transport. Evaluation of model uncertainty would consider tlie scientific basis for the model and available empirical validation. 

The Royal Society (London), The Greenhouse Effect the scientific basis for policy. Submission to the House of Lords Select Committee, 40 pp. (1989). See also Global Climate Change, Information Pamphlet (12 pp.) i.ssued by the American Chemical Society (1990) B. Hileman, Global Warming, Chem. Eng. News, April 27, 7-19 (1992) and references cited therein. 

These, and similar questions are all-important, if the production of essential oils is to be placed on a really scientific basis. 

A similar nonlinear equation for heterogeneous catalytic systems was developed empirically by Olaf Hougen and Kenneth Watson and derived on a more scientific basis by Irving Langmuir and Cyril Hmshelwood. WTien applied to fluid reactants and solid catalysts, the nonlinear equation m its simplest form becomes... 

The catalytic community of the world records with sorrow the death of Sir Hugh Taylor, an active practitioner of the art of catalysis, an imaginative investigator of its scientific basis, an inspiring teacher of many, many catalytic chemists and physicists, and a leader in the field of catalysis for fifty years. 

Nernst, in his Theoretische Chemie, devoted a whole chapter to a critical examination of the rule of Thomsen and Berthelot, and he concluded that in many cases the heat of reaction certainly does correspond very closely with the maximum work, AT, which latter magnitude he took from van t Hoff as a measure of the chemical affinity. Whilst pointing out that it very often gives results wholly incompatible with experience, and cannot therefore be indiscriminately applied, Nernst showed that the rule nevertheless holds good in too many cases to be wholly false in an appropriate metaphor he claimed that it contains a genuine kernel of truth which has not yet been shelled from its enclosing hull. This labour of emancipation was partially effected in the newer work of the same author, Applications of Thermodynamics to Chemistry, 1907, which is an attempt to place the rule of Berthelot on a scientific basis, and to determine under what conditions its use is legitimate. He points out that the equation ... 

The continuing apparent lack of any readily acceptable scientific basis on which to predict performance... 

Streatfield, E.L. Scientific Basis of Organic Boiler Water Treatment. Paper delivered in Oslo to the Research Society for Norwegian Industry. Norway, 1962. 

Probiotics the Scientific Basis. R. Fuller (Ed.), Chapman Hall, London, 1992. 

Johnson BA, Ait-DaoudN Neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism scientific basis and clinical findings. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 149 327—344, 2000 Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, et al Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients a randomized controlled trial. 

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