Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine

The single-component bacterial vaccines are listed in Table 15.1. For each vaccine, notes are provided of the basic material fkm which the vaccine is made, the salient production processes and tests for potency and for safety. The multicomponent vaccines that are made by blending together two or more of the single component vaccines are required to meet the potency and safety requirements for each of the single components that they contain. The best known of the combined bacterial vaccines is the adsorbed diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DTPerWac/Ads) that is used to immunize infants, and the adsorbed diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (DTWac/Ads) that is used to reinforce the immunity of school entrants. 

Table 13.6 Some traditional vaccine preparations that find medical application. In addition to being marketed individually, a number of such products are also marketed as combination vaccines. Examples include diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines and measles, mumps and rubella vaccines...

H. influenzae type b and hepatitis B Vaccination against hepatitis B Vaccination against hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis... 

Triacelluvax (Combination vaccine containing r(modified) pertussis toxin) Chiron SpA Immunization against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis 1999 (EU)... 

Children given three doses of this remarkable vaccine get good protection against three diseases namely diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. 

Combined with AvP DTP vaccine by reconstitution is indicated for the active immunization of infants and children 2 through 18 months of age for the prevention of invasive disease caused by H influenzae type b and/or diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis... 

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis. These vaccines in combination (DTP) have been routinely used for active immunization of infants and young children since the 1940s. The recommended schedule calls for immunizations at 2, 4, and 6 months of age widi boosters at 18 months and 4-5 years of age. Since 1993 these vaccines have been available in combination with a vaccine that protects against Haemophilus disease, thus providing protection against four bacterial diseases in one preparation. A booster immunization with diphtheria and tetanus only is recommended once every 10 years after the fifth dose. 

Immunization Practices Advisory committee (ACIP). Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis recommendations for vaccine use and other preventive measures. MMWR Recomm Rep 1991 40(RR-10) l-28. 

ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CMV-IVIG cytomegalovirus intravenous immunoglobulin DTaP diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine HBIg hepatitis B immune globulin HDCV human diploid cell vaccine (rabies)... 

During the early 1900s, vaccines against major human epidemic diseases such as pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and tuberculosis were developed. Vaccines for many animal diseases were also available. In the early 1950s, the development of cell culture techniques byj. E. Enders at Harvard was followed by another series of major advances in vaccine development. Vaccines against poHo, mumps, measles, and mbeUa were Hcensed during the 1960s. 

Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation the patient will need virtually all routine vaccines to be administered again however, the patient will not be able to mount an adequate response for 6 to 12 months post-transplant. Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and inactivated poliovirus should be given at 12,14, and 24 months post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Inactivated influenza vaccine should be given yearly, starting 6 months after transplant. Measles, mumps and rubella can be given 2 years after transplant and varicella vaccine is contraindicated.16... 

In children, primary immunization against tetanus is usually done in conjunction with diphtheria and pertussis vaccination using DTaP or a combination vaccine that includes hepatitis B and polio vaccines. A 0.5-mL dose is recommended at 2, 4, 6, and 15 to 18 months of age. 

For the combination vaccine use the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa), inactivated polio (IPV) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (Infanrix-Polio+H i ) vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium). 

The pharmacogenomics analysis of samples from a clinical study with an aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis/polio/ Haemophilus influenzae) in infants is described. These instructions can easily be adapted to clinical studies of other vaccines with changes to the type of administered vaccine, administration route, vaccination ages, and so on. This method is therefore also suitable for assessing vaccine responses in adults and to study the cellular reactions in clinical subjects who have experienced adverse reactions. 

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed USP Package Insert, Connaught Laboratories, Surftuster, Pa., revised 1994. 

Baraff LJ, Manclark CR, Cherry JD, Christenson P, Marcy SM. Analyses of adverse reactions to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine by vaccine lot, endotoxin content, pertussis vaccine potency and percentage of mouse weight gain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989 8(8) 502-7. 

DTP—diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and pertussis vaccine MMR—measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine... 

Diphtheria and pertussis vaccines are seldom used as single-component vaccines but as components of diphtheria/tetanus vaccines and diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccines. Combined diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis/Hib and diphtheria/tetanus/pertus-sis/Hep B vaccines with or without inactivated polio vaccine are available. 

Certain vaccines manufactured hy various companies are considered interchangeable. Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines are considered interchangeable. It is preferable to use diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine from the same manufacturer to complete the entire primary series. However, immunization should not be delayed if the particular type of vaccine administered for the initial doses cannot be ascertained easily. Finally, all licensed Hemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines are considered interchangeable for the primary series of three doses of vaccine. ... 

Arthritis has been described following administration of hepatitis B, rubella, mumps and measles, influenza, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, and typhoid vaccine. These are rare occurrences, and causality is difficult to establish. However, it does appear that rubella vaccination may, in genetically susceptible individuals, lead rarely to an arthropathy. 

DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS TOXOIDS AND PERTUSSIS VACCINE, ABSORBED (DTP) (Tri-Immunol)... 

B. Pediatric. Pediatric DT, 0.5-mL single-dose vials, and 5-mL multidose vials DTaP, containing diphtheria toxoid 6.7 LF U/0.5 mL, tetanus toxoid 5 LF U/0.5 mL, and pertussis vaccine 4 protective units/0.5 mL. 

---