Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

Vaccines are used in either the general population of children or adults or for special groups. Recommendations for vaccine usage are made by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control. The Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics (Redbook Committee) also makes recommendations for infants through adolescents, and the American Academy of Family Physicians makes recommendations for adults. An excellent review of vaccine history, development, usage, and related regulatory issues is available (2). 

From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part 1 Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. http //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5416a1. htm s cid=rr5416a1 e. 

Children with SCD should receive the required immunizations as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.15 Additionally, influenza vaccine should be administered yearly to SCD patients 6 months of age and older, including adult patients. Any SCD patient who is scheduled for splenectomy should receive the vaccine for meningococcal disease if over 2 years of age.16... 

PCV 7, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine PPV 23, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. From Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices,18 Committee on Infectious Diseases,16 and Sickle Cell Disease Care Consortium.27... 

Most vaccines are administered in two- to four-shot series in order to elicit the best protection. Childhood and adult immunization schedules are revised frequently and published annually by the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Current immunization schedules can be found at www.cdc.gov/nip/. The childhood schedule is published in January and the adult schedule in October of each year. Recommendations will be published throughout the year in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) as new vaccines are licensed or new information necessitates a change in previous recommendations. 

From Smith NM, BreseeJS, ShayDK, etd. Prevention and control of influenza recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2006 SS(RR-10) l-42. 

These schedules indicate the recommended age groups and medical indications for which administration of currently licensed vaccines is commonly indicated for adults ages 19 years and older, as of October 1,2007, Licensed combination vaccines maybe used whenever any components of toe combination are indicated and when the vaccine s other components are not contraindicated. For detailed recommendations on all vaccines, including those used primarily for travelers or that are issued during toe year, consult the manufacturers package inserts and the complete statements from toe Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (wmcdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/acip-list.htm). ... 

CDC, Update vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions reommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP), MMWR, 45(RR12 001), September 6,1996. 

Prevention of influenza Safety and efficacy of zanamivir have not been established for prophylactic use to prevent influenza. Use of zanamivir should not affect the evaluation of individuals for annual influenza vaccination in accordance with guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. 

Center for Disease Controls and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Efficacy of oseltamivir has not been established for prophylactic use to prevent influenza. 

Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices (ACIP) makes recommendations on guidelines for the administration of vaccines. The Government Reform Committee staff report found that the majority of members of both committees have financial ties to vaccine manufacturers or hold patents on vaccines under development. 

Adapted from materials approved by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practical (http //www.cdc.gov/nlp/acip), the American Academy of Podlatrici (http //www.aap.org), and the Amorican Academy of Family Physidans (http /Avww.aafp.org). 

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has recommended that vaccinees should be observed for 30 minutes after immunization and that medications to treat anaphylaxis should be available (12) [http //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr4201.pdf]. A personal history of allergic disorders should be considered when weighing the risks and benefits of the vaccine for an individual. Japanese encephahtis vaccine should not be given to persons who had a previous adverse reaction after receiving Japanese encephalitis vaccine or a previous hypersensitivity reaction to other vaccines of neural origin. 

In December 1998, based on many prehcensure clinical trials, the first Lyme disease vaccine (LYMErix, manufactured by the then SmithKline Beecham) was hcensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for individuals aged 15-70 years old (1) and subsequently became commercially available in the USA. In 1999, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) made recommendations for Lyme disease vaccine (2), including data on efficacy and safety (SEDA-23, 338). No convincing evidence was found that the vaccine caused serious problems, but discussion about its safety continued and... 

There is a relation between MMR vaccination and thrombocytopenic purpura, but not with the measles component itself (18). Thrombocytopenic purpura after MMR has been reviewed, with discussion of pathogenesis and the vaccines and infections associated with this problem (83). Rubella vaccine is one of the most frequently reported causes of thrombocytopenia in Denmark (84). In France, a retrospective epidemiological survey (1984-92) showed that the rates of thrombocytopenic purpura per 100 000 vaccinees were 0.23 for measles vaccine, 0.17 for rubella vaccine, 0.87 for combination MR vaccine, and 0.95 for MMR vaccine (85). Thrombocytopenia was severe and always associated with purpura. Cases of recurrent thrombocytopenic purpura after repeated MMR immunization have been reported (86,87). The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended avoiding subsequent doses of MMR when a previous episode of thrombocytopenia occurred in close temporal proximity to the previous immunization, that is within 6 weeks (88,89). 

Data on the use of a single DTaP vaccine for four-dose or five-dose series are limited, but the available data show a substantial increase in the frequency and magnitude of local reactions with successive doses. The accompanying tables show reactions after the fourth dose (Table 1) and fifth dose (Table 2). The original data and references are included in the supplementary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of DTaP vaccines in a five-dose series (9). Reports from Alberta and British Columbia provinces, Canada, have suggested that the incidence rates of severe local adverse reactions may increase with each dose (third, fourth, fifth) in preschool children (10). 

On August 31,1998, a tetravalent rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) (Rotashield) was licensed in the USA. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Academy of Family Physicians all recommended routine use of the vaccine in healthy infants. Rotashield was the first rotavirus vaccine to be licensed. 

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