Epidemic disease

During the early 1900s, vaccines against major human epidemic diseases such as pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and tuberculosis were developed. Vaccines for many animal diseases were also available. In the early 1950s, the development of cell culture techniques byj. E. Enders at Harvard was followed by another series of major advances in vaccine development. Vaccines against poHo, mumps, measles, and mbeUa were Hcensed during the 1960s. 

Hatty, S.E., and J. Hatty, The Disordered Body Epidemic Disease and Cultural Transformation. Albany, NY State University of New York Press (1999). 

Quarantine Quarantine is the isolation of patients with a communicable disease, or those exposed to a communicable disease, during the contagious period in order to control the spread of illness. Quarantine over the years has been a practice of holding travelers or ships, trucks, or airplanes coming from places of epidemic disease for the purpose of inspection or disinfection. In the age of weapons of mass destruction, quarantine is defined as the restriction of activities or limitation of freedom of movement of those pre-... 

Epidemic diseases, vaccines against, 25 486 Epidemiological studies... 

Zwankhuizen, M.J., Covers, F. and Zadoks, J.C. 1998. Development of potato late blight epidemics disease foci, disease gradients, and infection sources. Phytopathology 88 754-763. 

Before the era of modem warfare, it has always been taken for granted that during a war epidemic disease caused more deaths among the soldiers and civilians than the use of weapons. It took the atomic bomb, deployed in a ruthless and criminal manner by the United States against unarmed people and in contravention of international law, to change this assumption. 

The Allied terror bombings destroyed the German infrastructure, with the result that concentration camp inmates could no longer be supplied during the closing phase of the war. The main reason for the mass deaths in 1945, however, was not starvation, but epidemics, caused by the evacuation of the eastern camps, which in turn spread epidemic diseases to the overcrowded western concentration camps and could not be brought under control as a result of wartime conditions. 

When modern industrialization started in the 19th century, many people migrated from the agricultural area to the big cities. Public hygiene became a major problem. Human excrement and waste was discharged into open channels, rivers, and lakes. The pollution was disastrous and hygiene-related epidemic diseases, like cholera and typhus, occurred frequently. Therefore, it was an important step forward when public water collection systems and treatment plants were introduced at the end of the 19th century. 

Influenza A is the most significant in terms of epidemic disease and even in the absence of major epidemics it remains a significant cause of illness and mortality. 

Hazard/Risk Group 4 A virus that usually causes serious human disease and is extremely hazardous to laboratory workers. It may be readily transmitted from one individual to another causing serious epidemic disease. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available. 

Robert Koch isolates microorganism responsible for cholera, major epidemic disease in 19th century... 

Hayes (5) has also reviewed the contribution of pesticides to the control of human diseases spread by arthropods and other vectors. Outbreaks of malaria, louse-borne typhus, plague, and urban yellow fever, four of the most important epidemic diseases of history, have been controlled by use of the organochlorine insecticides, especially DDT. In fact, the single most significant benefit from pesticides has been the protection from malaria. Today malaria eradication is an accomplished fact for 619 million people who live in areas once malarious. Where eradication has been achieved it has stood the test of time. An additional 334 million people live in areas where transmission of the parasite is no longer a major problem. Thus, about 1 billion people, or approximately one-fourth of the population of the world, no longer live under the threat of malaria. 

An epidemic disease associated with high mortality spec. Plague... 

Japanese authors were the first to establish insect disease of bacterial origin, when discovering the pathogen of the epidemic disease of the silk worm (Ishida, 1901). Berliner (1911 1915) found that the same bacterium, which he called Bacillus... 

Notably, a recent outbreak of mumps (June 2006, Kansas)—a viral, often epidemic disease—is expected to help health officials prepare for an act of bioterrorism or a flu pandemic [34], The Kansas Health and Environment Department had found 761 confirmed or suspected cases of mumps around the state. In dealing with the outbreak, the department for the first time used its incident command system to spread information to agencies around the state. The same system would be used in the event of a natural or intentional disease outbreak. 

Eventually I turned to herbs for treatment when it was clear that pharmaceuticals could not help. And, as they often do, herbal medicines worked. This was not the first time the plant world had cured what, for me, was a painful disease. But it was the final catalyst that caused me to abandon modem approaches and enter fully into the plant world. It was also the catalyst for my interest in epidemic disease and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 

Historically, epidemiology originated in relation to the study of the great epidemic diseases such as cholera, bubonic plague, (often referred to as Black Death in the Middle Ages) smallpox, yellow fever and typhus. These disease were associated with high mortality and, until the twentieth century, were the most important threats to life. 

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