Vaccine responses

OSTROM K M, CORDLE C T, SCHALLER J P, WINSHIP T R, THOMAS D J, JACOBS J R, BATTER M M, CHO s, GOOCH w w, GRANOFF D M, FADEN H, PICKERING L K (2002) Immune status of infants fed soy-based formulas with or without added nucleotides for 1 year part 1 vaccine responses, and morbidity. JPediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 34 137-44. 

The pharmacogenomics analysis of samples from a clinical study with an aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis/polio/ Haemophilus influenzae) in infants is described. These instructions can easily be adapted to clinical studies of other vaccines with changes to the type of administered vaccine, administration route, vaccination ages, and so on. This method is therefore also suitable for assessing vaccine responses in adults and to study the cellular reactions in clinical subjects who have experienced adverse reactions. 

Recent advances in understanding how immune responses are generated allows a particularly interesting approach using cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules, and professional antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells) to enhance or otherwise modify vaccine responses [43 5], It is hkely that one or more of these adjuvant and delivery systems will be incorporated in the design of future vaccines. 

Davis, S. S. (2005), The use of soluble polymers and polymer microparticles to provide improved vaccine responses after parenteral and mucosal delivery, Vaccine, 24, Suppl. 2, S7-S10. 

Live vaccines Inadequate immunological vaccine response and increased risk of disseminated infection... 

Avoid concomitant live oral typhoid vaccine because of inadequate vaccine response... 

Evaluating an Appropriate Active Vaccine Response for Alzheimer s Disease... 

Previously vaccinated, response unknown Test exposed person for anti-HBs level If inadequate, HBIg one dose, plus one vaccine booster dose If adequate, no treatment If titer unknown, one vaccine booster dose No treatment Test exposed for anti-HBs level If inadequate, vaccine booster dose If adequate, no treatment... 

Host factors also influence vaccine response. Immunodeficiency, increasing age, underlying disease, and genetic background have been... 

In a mouse vaccination model adapted to study the effect of prebiotics, the animals were vaccinated twice with the Influvac Orthomyxovirus influenza) vaccine (booster vaccination after 21 days). The response to the vaccination was measured at day 30 after the first vaccination. Parameters used to identify the response to vaccination were DTH response (skin response after local subcutaneous vaccine injection as an in vivo measure for Thl-mediated immunity), plasma titers of specific antibodies, ex vivo lymphocyte stimulation, T-cell prohferation, cytokine production, and natural killer cell activity. A specific prebiotic mixture (GOS/lcFOS) significantly stimulated the vaccination response in a dose-dependent manner and increased the DTH response indicating a modulation of the immune system toward a Thl-dominated immune response. This effect only... 

There is increasing evidence that the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the intestinal epithelial and immune cells plays a key role in the postnatal development of the immune system. First studies with probiotics (74) and synbio-tics (40) demonstrate effects during infancy, and studies regarding the vaccination response in the elderly (75) indicate that the prebiotics might also influence the immune system. In particular, the animal experiments with prebiotics described above allow the hypothesis that prebiotics that are able to influence the composition of the entire intestinal microbiota toward microbiota found in breastfed infants might support the development of the immune system during infancy. 

Vos AP, Haarman M, van Ginkel JWH, Knol J, Garssen J, Stahl B, Boehm G, M Rabet L. Dietary snpplementation of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides enhances Thl dependent vaccination responses in mice. Pediatric Allergy and Immnnol 2007 10 309-312. 

Selander B, Kayhty H, Wtdege E et al. Vaccination responses to capsular polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis and liaemophilus influenzae Type b in two C2-deficient sisters alternative pathway-mediated bacterial killing and evidence for a novel type of blocking IgG. J Clin Immunol 2000 20 138-149. 

Vaccine response Accurate measure of B-cell function Requires injection of vaccine, blood draw... 

Kensil CR, Newman MJ, Coughlin RT, Soltysik S, Bedore D, Recchia J, Wu JY, Mar-ciani DJ (1993) The use of stimulon adjuvant to boost vaccine response. Vaccine Res 2 273-281... 

Britt W, Fay J, Seals J, Kensil, C (1995) Formulation of an immunogenic human cytomegalovirus vaccine responses in mice. J Infect Dis 171 18-25... 

Anderson, E.C. Master, R.C. Mowat, G.N.(1971).Immune response of pigs of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Response to DEAE-Dextran and saponin adjuvated vaccines, Rex Vet. Sc/.,12,351-357. 

PULENDRAN B. Modulating vaccine responses with dendritic cells and Toll-like receptors. Immunol Rev 2004,199, 227-250. 

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