Vaccine, Typhoid

Typhoid Vaccine USP Package Insert, Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, Pa., 1994. 

Typhoid vaccine Typhim Vi, Immunization against typhoid... 

Type B vaccine, the Neisseria meningitidis Type A and C vaccine, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and an acellular typhoid vaccine. 

The ideal of any vaccine is to provide life-long protection to the individual against disease. Immunological memory (Chapter 14) depends upon the survival of cloned populations of small B and T lymphocytes (memory cells). These small lymphocytes have a lifespan in the body of ca. 15-20 years. Thus, if the immune system is not boosted, either by natural exposure to the organism or by re-immunization, then immunity gained in childhood will be attenuated or lost completely by the age of 30. Those vaccines which provide only poor protection against disease have proportionately reduced time-spans of effectiveness. Yellow fever vaccination, which is highly effective, must therefore be repeated at 10-year intervals, whilst typhoid vaccines are only effective for 1-3 years. Whether or not immunization in childhood is boosted at adolescence or in adult life depends on the relative risks associated with the infection as a function of age. 

Three typhoid vaccines are available currently for use in the United States (1) an oral live-attenuated vaccine (Vivotif Berna-TM vaccine, Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute), (2) a parenteral heat-phenol-inactivated vaccine (Typhoid Vaccine, Wyeth-Ayerst), and (3) a parenteral capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi, Pasteur Merieux). Immunization is recommended only for travelers going to endemic areas such as Latin America, Asia, and Africa household contacts of a chronic carrier and laboratory personnel who frequently work with S. typhi.13... 

Typhoid vaccine contains not more than one million organisms per milliliter based on a potency of 8 units per milliliter. For children less than 10 years old, two injections of 0.25 milliliter are given four weeks apart for vaccination. How many units are given in this vaccination dose of two injections ... 

Examples of killed or inactivated vaccines are cholera vaccine containing dead strains of Vibrio cholerae, hepatitis A vaccine with inactivated hepatitis A virus, pertussis vaccine with killed strains of Bordetella pertussis, typhoid vaccine with killed Salmonella typhi, and influenza vaccine with various strains of inactivated influenza viruses (see Exhibit 4.2 for a discussion of influenza viruses and vaccines and Exhibit 4.3 on avian influenza H5N1). 

In rabbits with undemutrition due to a shortage of calories there was a depressed agglutinin production against typhoid vaccine (C3, R4). A similar incapacity to produce antibodies to typhoid vaccine was reported in children with severe protein malnutrition (Bll). During treatment of 5 children, mean age 24 months, with chronic primary malnutrition, it was observed that their response to a single standard dose of 100 imits of purified diphtheroid toxoid was small and slow. Furthermore there was no correlation between specific antibody response and serum protein levels (02). 

R4. Richardson, H., Immunity in diabetes. II. Relative importance of nutritional state and of blood sugar level in influencing development of the agglutinin after typhoid vaccine. J. Clin. Invest. 14, 389-392 (1935). 

Typhoid vaccines Killed Salmonella typhi Active immunization against typhoid fever... 

Typhoid vaccines are used for active immunisation against typhoid fever. Two types of vaccine, one injectable and other oral are available. 

Thyrotopin alia, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human recombinant, produced in CHO cells Vivotif Berna Typhoid vaccine/Swiss [BIO] Typhoid vaccine live oral Ty21a [FDA] Salmonella typhi vaccine [SY] Vaccinum Febris Typhoidis Vivum Perorale (Stirpe Ty 21a) [SY Latin] Ty21a typhoid vaccine [SY] Typhoral [TR in Germany] NDC 58337-0003-01 [NDC]... 

In the 15 years since these criteria were promulgated by declaration, it will be evident that most vaccines are still administered parenterally with the exception of polio and typhoid vaccines. In many ways this can be attributed to the physicochemical characteristics of vaccine antigens themselves, which are large molecules susceptible to proteolytic degradation, denaturation, and rapid clearance from plasma. Some combination vaccines are available which reduce the number of injections. However, the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) combination vaccine has gained an unsafe image in the popular press, mainly due to a reputed link with autism in some children that as yet remains unproven scientifically. In some quarters the autism was associated with the use of thiomersalate as a mercurial preservative in multidose injections but, again, this supposition remains unproven. 

Typhoid vaccine, live oral Antibiotic may inactivate vaccine... 

Inadeqnate typhoid vaccine (hve oral) response if given within 3 days before or after antibiotic conrse... 

Inadequate immunologic response to concomitant live oral typhoid vaccine... 

Karl Fi.scher and TG,(MS results have been shown to be in gtxnl agreemerit for ccitain manufacturers typhoid vaccine, menirigocoecal polysaccharide vac-... 

Levine, M.M. Ferreccio, C. Cryz, S. Ortiz, E. Comparison of enteric-coated capsules and liquid formulation of TY21a typhoid vaccine in randomized controlled field trial. Lancet 1990, 336, 891-894. 

A combined meningococcal and typhoid vaccine (Merieux) was evaluated in 158 volunteers in a singleblind study (11). Comparing the effects with those in vaccinees receiving monocomponent vaccines or the combination vaccine, there was no significant difference in the reported frequency or duration of local and systemic reactions. However, vaccinees who received the monocomponent typhoid fever vaccine alone were less likely to complain of swelling or pain at the injection site. 

Khoo SH, St Clair Roberts J, Mandal BK. Safety and efficacy of combined meningococcal and typhoid vaccine. BMJ 1995 310(6984) 908-9. 

Typhoid vaccine (including typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine)... 

The different typhoid vaccines commercially available for civilian use are ... 

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