Genetically susceptible individuals

The answer is e. (Kat ung, pp 428-429J Although a rare occurrence, halothane and other inhaled gas anesthetics may cause malignant hyperthermia Apparently, this occurs in genetically susceptible individuals Its onset may be accelerated by the concomitant use of succinylcholine. Immediate treatment includes administration of dantrolene. 

It is unclear why certain foreign proteins can also stimulate the B-cells to secrete IgE antibodies, to result in allergy or hypersensitivity. The terms are used interchangeably, although the latter is usually restricted to milder forms of the response. The term anaphylaxis is used to describe the severe response (Box 17.4). Both reactions arise in genetically susceptible individuals and they are precipitated by exposure to environmental antigens such as pollen, some organic compounds, tobacco smoke, animal hairs or even components of some common foods such as milk and cereals. 

Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disease, triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by ingested gluten from wheat, rye, barley, and other closely related cereal grains. The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet for life. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on the safety of pure oats for individuals with celiac disease, which historically has been subject to debate. 

Dermatitis herpetiformis1 is a condition of the skin that is also triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals and is considered a dermatological form of celiac disease (Abenavoli et ah, 2006 Alaedini and Green, 2005 Briani et ah, 2008 Losowsky, 2008). 

Nevi (moles) are clusters of melanocytes that start to appear in the third year of life. They gradually increase in numbers but disappear in old age. Freckles appear beginning at about age six in genetically susceptible individuals. They are regions in which a higher concentration of melanin is formed.3... 

In genetically susceptible individuals, ingestion of cereal prolamins from wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats initiates an inflammatory disorder during which the small intestinal mucosa is damaged. This process is accompanied by malabsorption, activation of the intestinal immune system, and... 

Lohse, A.W., Meyer-zum-Biischenfelde, K.-H., Franz, B., Kanzler, S., Gerken, G., Dienes, H.P. Characterization of the overlap syndrome of primary biUary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis evidence for it being a hepatitic form of PBC in genetically susceptible individuals. Hepatology 1999 29 1078-1084... 

DM accounts for up to 10% of all cases of DM and is likely initiated by the exposure of a genetically susceptible individual to an environmental agent. Candidate genes and environmental factors are reportedly prevalent in the general population, but development of /3-cell autoimmunity occurs in less than 10% of the population and progresses to diabetes mellitus in less than 1% of the population. ... 

The etiology of abnormal autoantibody production and development of SLE is still unknown. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors all may play arole in loss of self tolerance and expression of disease. A popular theory is that autoimmune disease such as SLE develops in genetically susceptible individuals after exposure to a triggering agent, possibly something in the environment. ... 

Arthritis has been described following administration of hepatitis B, rubella, mumps and measles, influenza, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, and typhoid vaccine. These are rare occurrences, and causality is difficult to establish. However, it does appear that rubella vaccination may, in genetically susceptible individuals, lead rarely to an arthropathy. 

Copper toxicity towards plants is less common than deficiency. This is in contrast to animals, where toxicity may be induced by an environmental excess of the element or with normal environmental concentrations in genetically susceptible individuals (Dawson and Price 1977). In the food chain, tolerant plant and invertebrates may accumulate copper and pose a certain risk for higher animals which consume them. Plants contain between 4 and 20 mg Cu kg dry weight, marine algae 2 to 68, fish 0.7 to 15, muscle of mammals about 10, and mammalian bones 1 to 26 (Bowen 1985). The total amount of copper in the adult human body is about 100 mg blood contains about 1 mg Cu Foods with a higher copper content include the parenchymatous internal organs of mammals, birds, and fishes especially liver, shellfish, cocoa, and red wine. The average daily copper consumption is about 0.8-1.6 mg... 

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