Dietary supplements calcium

The risk of colon cancer appears to be inversely related to calcium and folate intake. Calciums protective effect may be related to a reduction in mucosal cell proliferation rates or through its binding to bile salts in the intestine, whereas dietary folate helps in maintaining normal bowel mucosa. Additional micronutrient deficiencies have been demonstrated through several studies to increase colorectal cancer risk and include selenium, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and 3-carotene however, the benefit of dietary supplementation does not appear to be substantial.11... 

Oral As a dietary supplement when calcium intake may be inadequate. Conditions that may be associated with calcium deficiency include the following Vitamin D deficiency, sprue, pregnancy and lactation, achlorhydria, chronic diarrhea, hypoparathyroidism, steatorrhea, menopause, renal failure, pancreatitis, hyperphosphatemia, and alkalosis. Some diuretics and anticonvulsants may precipitate hypocalcemia, which may validate calcium replacement therapy. Calcium salt therapy should not preclude the use of other corrective measures intended to treat the underlying cause of calcium depletion. 

Renal calculi Recent studies show that high dietary intake of calcium decreases the risk of symptomatic renal calculi, while intake of supplemental calcium may increase the risk of symptomatic stones. This conflicts with the previous theory that high calcium intake contributes to the risk of renal calculi. 

Alendronate - Patients with Paget disease or receiving glucocorticoids should receive supplemental calcium and vitamin D if dietary intake is inadequate. 

Calcium/Vitamin D supplementation Patients should receive supplemental calcium if dietary intake is inadequate. Patients at increased risk for vitamin D insufficiency (eg, those in nursing homes, chronically ill, older than 70 years of age), should receive vitamin D supplementation in addition to that provided in alendronate/cholecalciferol. Patients with Gl malabsorption syndromes may require higher doses of vitamin D supplementation consider measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. 

GATIFLOXACIN Gatifloxacin may be administered without regard to food, including milk and dietary supplements containing calcium. 

Curhan, G. C., Willett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., Spiegelman, D., and Stampfer, M. J. (1997). Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 497-504. 

VII.a.2.1. Prevention. Vitamin D deficiency can be prevented by dietary supplementation with low doses of vitamin D, usually given as calcium and er-gocalciferol tablets, containing only 10 pg (400 units) of ergocalciferol. 

Dietary supplement (RDA) PO 1200 mg/day. Maximum 2.5 g/day. Hyperphosphatemia PO (calcium acetate) 2 tablets 3 times a day with meals. May increase gradually to bring serum phosphate level to less than 6 m dl as long as hypercalcemia does not develop. 

Ensure adequate dietary or supplemental calcium, vitamin D... 

Citric acid and its citrate compounds are widely used in hundreds of applications. Global production of citric acid in 2005 was 1.6 million tons, with China producing approximately 40% of the world supply. In the United States, approximately 65% of citric acid use is in the food and beverage industry. Citric acid is used as an acidulant to impart tartness, to control pH, as a preservative and antioxidant, as a metal chelator, and to stabilize color and taste. Citrate salts can be used as mineral and metal dietary supplement for example, calcium citrate... 

Various calcium sails and organic compounds lull into this category of dietary supplements and are frequently used in feeds and foods. Some of the more Important additives include calcium carbonate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium phosphate (di- and monobasic), calcium pyrophosphate, calcium sulfate, and calcium pantothenate. 

More recently, Bortolotti et al. (2008) provided evidence to refute this calcium-mediated mechanism of weight loss, presenting results from a placebo-controlled crossover study of 10 obese adults with habitually low calcium intakes (<800 mg/day). Results indicated that dietary supplementation of 800 mg of calcium/day had no effect on circulating plasma free fatty acid concentrations or glycerol turnover. Theoretically, a calcium-mediated stimulation of lipolysis would have resulted in an increase in plasma free fatty acid concentrations and glycerol turnover, thus indicating a need for further research. 

The primary roles and the recommended daily intake of major and trace minerals are listed in Table 38-3. Similar to vitamins, these minerals are typically obtained from dietary sources. Specific minerals may likewise be included in various multivitamins and other dietary supplements, with the intent that these minerals will promote good health and prevent disease. Again, there is generally no need for mineral supplements for most people eating a reasonably balanced diet. On the other hand, mineral supplements can be helpful in specific situations where the body s need for a mineral may exceed dietary supply. Some examples of appropriate supplementation include calcium supplements for people with osteoporosis (see Chapter 31), potassium supplements for people on diuretics (see Chapter 21), and iron supplements for people with certain anemias. Hence, mineral supplements may be helpful in certain individuals, but the dose and type of supplement should be adjusted carefully. 

In Japan, where mineral deficiency can be a nutritional problem, the beneficial effects of fructooligosaccharides on calcium absorption have been recognized in the labeling on dietary supplements since 1999 (Hidaka et al., 2001). 

Bone meal is ground up or crushed animal bone. It is put into fertilizer, soil enrichments, and dietary supplements as a source of calcium and phosphorus. 

Piperova, L.S., Moallem, U., Teter, B.B., Sampugna, J., Yurawecz, M.P., Morehouse, K.M., Luchini, D., Erdman, R.A. 2004. Changes in milk fat in response to dietary supplementation with calcium salts of trans-18 1 or conjugated linoleic fatty acids in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 3836-3844. 

A Note about Chelation Therapies. Chelation therapies are used to prevent or treat metal-induced toxicities. They are often used in acute poisoning scenarios, but can also be used to assess exposure. One of the major challenges in the management of chelation therapies is the tendency for chelating agents to interact with essential metals, particularly calcium and zinc. Chelation therapies should only be administered by a physician due to the potential to disrupt essential metal functions. The Food and Drug Administration does not regulate dietary supplements, and several do it yourself chelation therapies are available. These are not advisable. 

Our interest in the role of trace elements in bone metabolism developed in a rather bizarre fashion. Ve became interested in the orthopedic problems of a prominent professional basketball player. Bill Walton. Several years ago he was plagued by frequent broken bones, pains in his joints and an inability to heal bone fractures. We hypothesized that he might be deficient in trace elements as a result of his very limited vegetarian diet. In cooperation with his physician, we were able to analyze Walton s serum. We found no detectable manganese (Mn). His serum concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were below normal values. Dietary supplementation with trace elements and calcium (Ca) was begun. Over a period of several months his bones healed and he returned to professional basketball (1,2). In cooperation with several other orthopedic physicians, we analyzed serum from other patients with slow bone healing. Several of these patients also had abnormally low Zn, Cu and Mn levels. 

Treatment of secondary osteoporosis varies depending on the actual disease process which has produced the osteoporosis, and may include adjustments to thyroid medication, dietary supplementation with calcium or vitamin D (which is involved in the ability of the intestine to absorb calcium in the diet), or other treatment of the primary disease. 

People at risk of osteoporosis, e.g. elderly housebound persons, must maintain an adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D. Calcium dietary supplementation (Ca gluconate, carbonate, hydroxyapatite, citrate, maleate) reduces nett bone loss where intake may be inadequate, i.e. below 800 mg/d, and ergocaldferol 10 micrograms (400 units) by mouth corrects dietary vitamin D deficiency. 

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