Bone meal

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Minerals. Supplementation of macrominerals to mminants is sometimes necessary. Calcium and phosphoms are the minerals most often supplemented in mminant diets. One or both may be deficient, and the level of one affects the utilization of the other. Limestone, 36% calcium, is commonly used as a source of supplemental calcium. Dolomite, 22% calcium oyster sheUs, 35% calcium and gypsum, 29% calcium, are sources of calcium. Bone meal, 29% calcium, 14% phosphoms dicalcium phosphate, 25—28% calcium, 18—21% phosphoms and defluorinated rock phosphate, 32% calcium, 18% phosphoms, are sources of both calcium and phosphoms. Diammonium phosphate, 25% phosphoms phosphoric acid, 32% phosphoms sodium phosphate, 22% phosphoms and sodium tripolyphosphate, 31% phosphoms, are additional sources of phosphoms (5). 

Mineral Feed. Mineral feed supplements for domestic animals and fowl usually contain a pure form of pulverized limestone. In fact, some state laws require the supplement to be at least 35% available calcium. Other sources of calcium are bone meal and dicalcium phosphate. Use as mineral feed has been a steadily growing market for limestone. The material is ground to 90% minus 0.15 mm (100 mesh) or 80% minus 0.9074 mm (200 mesh), is low in silica, and has strict tolerances on arsenic and fluorine (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Meat and bone meal Soybean meal Cottonseed meal... 

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

Bone meal, bone black Brewing grains, spent Carbon Celluloid... 

Solid materials susceptible to self-heating in air Activated charcoal Animal feedstuffs Beans Bone meal, bone black Brewing grains, spent Leather scrap... 

Chorionic gonadotropin. Follicle stimulating hormone Urea, Uric add. Bilirubin, Cortisol, n-Maimitol. n-Glucose, Sodium pyruvate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic add, 4-Nitro-phenol, 17 Amino adds in HQ, Angiotensin-I, Tripahnitin, Bone meal (8 elements), Bone ash (8 elements), lithium carbonate Luteinizing hormone. Thyroid stimulating hormone... 

In addition to the alfalfa hay, the cows received a grain ration which consisted of a mixture of 80% barley and 20% molasses dried beet pulp, to which were added 2% steam bone meal and 1% fine hay salt (sodium chloride). This ration was fed at the rate of 0.75 pound of grain per day for each pound of butterfat produced during the previous week. If the butterfat production dropped below 0.8 pound per day, the grain ration was routinely discontinued. 

Conventional livestock production systems can be very diverse and this diversity is influenced by economic, geographic, environmental and cultural factors. Conventional inputs for direct use in ruminant production include many types of plant feeds (i.e. forages, cereals, soybeans, etc.), industrial by-products (i.e. molasses, distiller s dried grain, meat bone meal, etc.), feed... 

A common source of organic phosphorus is bone meal (approximately 9-14% P) and bone ash (approximately 18%). The bird excrement guano contains about 2-3% P as ammonium and calcium phosphates. Fresh solid dairy cattle manure has approximately 0.13% P (moisture = 81.7%), and solid swine manure has about 0.33% P (moisture = 71.8%), which will be in both organic and mineral forms. 

The effecf of fhe source of Ca on fhe magnifude of Ca-Fe interactions in vivo was assessed in rodents (Smith, 1988), using a whole body radioisotopic retention test as an endpoint to determine true iron bioavailability (i.e., Fe that is absorbed and utilized). A single 50 gg liquid dose of Fe-labeled FeCla was administered by oral gavage to rats at a Ca Fe ratio of 60 1 and 120 1 fo replicate a human iron intake of 15 mg/day and a Ca intake of 800 mg/day or 1600 mg/day, respectively. Ca sources included CaCOa, Ca Phosphate (CaP), bone meal, and Ca hydroxyapatite (CaHA), while the control dose contained no Ca and was normalized to represent 100% Fe retention for comparison purposes. Isotope counts were performed immediafely after dosing (to measure 100% retention) and subsequent counts over 6 days were divided by the 100% count to estimate Fe retention. For CaCOa, Fe retention was 68% at a Ca Fe ratio of 60 1, and only declined a furfher 2% when the ratio was increased to 120 1. Fe retention values for ofher forms of Ca at a 60 1 Ca Fe ratio were as follows 77% for bone meal, 89% for CaP, and 99% for CaHA. Fe retention decreased in response to the higher Ca Fe ratio of 120 1 (i.e., Fe retention in the presence of bone meal, CaHA, and CaP was 49%, 72%, and 78%, respecfively). This is indicative of a dose-response effect of Ca on Fe retention. This sfudy also underscored fhe importance of the source of Ca in relation fo Fe refenfion. 

Kiernan and Bowen Explosive. An expl mixt developed by Kiernan Bowen of New Orleans, La, contg Na chlorate 75, turpentine 10, bone-meal 10 dried blood 5%. It was concluded that this expl had no value from a military standpoint because of its low brisance, high degree of sensitivity to impact, and the ease with which it lost turpentine, which resulted in decreased sensitivity to initiating agents Ref A.J. Phillips, Study of Sodium Chlorate Explosive Developed by Kiernan and Bowen , PATR 1277 (April 1943)... 

Hodson, M. E., Valsami-Jones, E., Cotter-Howells, J. D., Dubbin, W. E., Kemp, A. J., Thornton, I. Warren, A. 2001. Effect of bone meal (calcium phosphate) amendments on metal release from contaminated soils - a leaching column study. Environmental Pollution, 112, 233-243. 

A Bone meal (les animaux peuvent creuser votre Salvia si vous en... 

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