Measures to consider

Incentive measures are generally used to draw attention to PSM and ESH performance issues that are, to some extent, controlled by worker behavior or management attention. These measures are frequently used for distributing incentive awards or at-risk pay when particular targets are met, for example 1 million hours without an injury or a target number of changes processed correctly. Whether your company uses incentive measures and awards is a matter of corporate practice. 

Undoubtedly there will already be several established performance measures some of these may be replaced with new measures. It can be important to continue these established measures, at least for a short time. This is because most people will be familiar with these measures and may need time to become comfortable with any new measures. 

Exhibit 7-1 listed a number of possible performance measures. Some of these are commonly used and need no explanation others may be unfamiliar and are described in more detail below. The direction of goodness is not the same for all measurements, so use care in interpreting trends. For some measures, repetitive findings are a particular concern. 

Cost of business interruption. The cost of business interruption is significantly influenced by various commercial factors. For example, if you are not producing at fiill capacity it may be possible to make up lost production at other facilities or when the plant comes back into operation. The business interruption costs will only be the additional costs of production, transportation and any lost sales. As these conditions can vary from month to month it may be more appropriate to adopt a standard method of calculating business interruption costs for PSM and ESH purposes. One commonly adopted approach is to estimate the tonnage of production lost and calculate the cost as being the difference between the sale price and all manufacturing, storage and transportation costs. 

Tonnage of air emissions, water emissions and liquid and solid effluent and tonnage of hazardous materials released into the environment. These two measures are related to one another. However, the first measure relates the total effluent, including nonpolluting materials. The second measure looks only at the tonnage of hazardous materials contained in the total effluent. Both measures can be important indicators. For example, for solid waste it is important to know the total volume of material for disposal and different upstream treatment techniques may affect the total volume. However, for ozone depleting chemicals, only the quantity of these gases is important and other components such as water vapor may be irrelevant. 

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Although not strictly binary compounds, hydroxides are conveniently classified here between hydrated salts, since both release water on heating and incorporate certain common features of behaviour, and oxides, which are the usual residual product. A number of hydroxide decomposition studies have extended measurements to consider the relationship with subsequent higher temperature changes in the product oxide. 

What radius should one use Suppose one takes a rough-and-ready measure to consider the hydronium ion. Since it has approximately the same radius as that of a K"" ion, one would expect its mobility to be approximately the same, i.e., about 5 x 10 " cm v s" . It is here that one encounters the great anomaly—the nonconforming... 

Students can now change some variables such as geometric parameter initial values and variable increments in every iteration to analyze the convergence of the algorithm. Eq. 4 gives the objective function used. This function compares the calculated and real position coordinates of three gauge spheres, fixed to the moving platform, and takes into account deviations in measurement to consider accuracy and repeatability [10]. 

There are also non-structural mitigation measures to consider, including ... 

The results found for the coating controlled parts allow to consider during the testing the exploitation of the information provided by the measured variation impedance for the processed products by the coating thickness determination and low frequency homogeneity and to evaluate the high frequency coating nature. 

To consider the geometrical magnification of the pipe image on film or IP in the tangential exposure technique according to the set-up shown in fig. 4 a correction of the measured wall thickness (w ) must be performed. The true wall thickness (w) depends in a rather complicated way on the film-focus-distance (f), the radius of the pipe (r) and the radius of the insulation (R) as shown in equation 2 ... 

Where a Member State ascertains tliat a product, bearing the CE-marking and used in accordance with its intended use, is liable to endanger the safety of persons or health, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such a product from the market. That Member State shall immediately Inform the Commission which is obliged to investigate whether or not the measure is justified. Where the Commission considers that the measure is justified, it shall immediately inform the Member State which took the initiative and also the other Member States. This entails that the other Member States must also take action against the product concerned. That latter disposition is referred to as the safeguard clause. 

The work done increases the energy of the total system and one must now decide how to divide this energy between the field and the specimen. This separation is not measurably significant, so the division can be made arbitrarily several self-consistent systems exist. The first temi on the right-hand side of equation (A2.1.6) is obviously the work of creating the electric field, e.g. charging the plates of a condenser in tlie absence of the specimen, so it appears logical to consider the second temi as the work done on the specimen. 

Note that in this special case, the heat absorbed directly measures a state fiinction. One still has to consider how this constant-volume heat is measured, perhaps by an electric heater , but then is this not really work Conventionally, however, if work is restricted to pressure-volume work, any remaining contribution to the energy transfers can be called heat . 

Measurements of Stark splittings in microwave and radiofrequency spectra allow tliese components to be detennined. The main contribution to tire dipole moment of tire complex arises from tire pennanent dipole moment vectors of tire monomers, which project along tire axes of tire complex according to simple trigonometry (cosines). Thus, measurements of tire dipole moment convey infonnation about tire orientation of tire monomers in tire complex. It is of course necessary to take account of effects due to induced dipole moments and to consider whetlier tire effects of vibrational averaging are important. 

Another way to narrow the choice of methods is to consider the scale on which the analysis must be conducted. Three limitations of particular importance are the amount of sample available for the analysis, the concentration of analyte in the sample, and the absolute amount of analyte needed to obtain a measurable signal. The first and second limitations define the scale of operations shown in Figure 3.6 the last limitation positions a method within the scale of operations. ... 

In the above examples the size of the chain can be measured by considering the number of automobile collisions that result from the first accident, or the number of fission reactions which follow from the first neutron capture. When we think about the number of monomers that react as a result of a single initiation step, we are led directly to the degree of polymerization of the resulting molecule. In this way the chain mechanism and the properties of the polymer chains are directly related. 

Serviceability. ServiceabiUty is defined as the degree of ease (or difficulty) with which a system can be repaired. This measure specifically considers fault detection, isolation, and repair. RepairabiUty considers only the actual repair time, and is defined as the probabiUty that a failed system is restored to operation in a specified interval of active repair time. Access covers, plug-in modules, or other features to allow easy removal and replacement of failed components improve the repairabihty and serviceabihty (see also Electrical connectors). 

There are many ways to measure these properties and some of them are proprietary. However, most laboratory tests are standardized by American Standard Testing Methods (ASTM). Many of them are interactive to various degrees. The rate and state of vulcanization is especially important to consider for components of heavier and thicker tines. The heat used to vulcanize the tine in a mold under pressure requites time to penetrate from both sides of the giant tine to the innermost portions. Securing a balanced state of cure, ie, the maximizing of physical properties in all the components, results in the innermost components having a faster rate of cure. The peripheral compounds should have a cure system which holds its physical properties well when overcured. 

Wind Direction and Speed Wind direc tion is measured at the height at which the pollutant is released, and the mean direction will indicate the direc tion of travel of the pollutants. In meteorology, it is conventional to consider the wind direction as the direction from which the wind blows therefore, a northwest wind will move pollutants to the southeast of the source. 

If the comparison shows that the measurement is inconsistent with the comparison information, the measurement is considered suspecl. If a measurement can be compared to more than one set of information and found to be inconsistent with all, it is likely that the measurement is in error. The measurement should then be excluded from the measurement set. In this section, validation is extended to include comparison of the measurements to the constraints and initial adjustment in the measurements. Validation functions as an initial screening procedure before the more comphcated procedures begin. Oftentimes, vahdation is the only measurement treatment required prior to interpretation. 

Single-Module Analysis Consider the single-module unit shown in Fig. 30-10. If the measurements were complete, they would consist of compositions, flows, temperatures, and pressures. These would contain significant random and systematic errors. Consequently, as collected, they do not close the constraints of the unit being studied. The measurements are only estimates of the actual plant operation. If the actual operation were known, the analyst could prepare a scatter diagram comparing the measurements to the actual values, which is a useful analysis tool Figure 30-19 is an example. 

A transformer is not a source of supply (it only transforms one voltage to another) but it is considered so, in terms of fault level calculations. In fact, it provides a means to add to the impedance of a circuit on the lower voltage side, and limits the fault level of the network to which it is connected. One will appreciate that the capacity of the actual source of supply, on the higher voltage side, will be much larger. On the LV side it is controlled by the impedance of the transformer. It is customary to consider this impedance to determine the fault level on the LV side. The fault level is measured as the dead... 

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