Bone broken

Treatments used for various types of fractures are cast immobilization, traction, and internal fixation. A plaster or fiber glass cast is the most commonly used device for fracture treatment. Most broken bones heal successfiiUy once properly repositioned, ie, fixed in place via a cast. This type of cast or brace is known as an orthosis. It allows limited or controlled movement of nearby joints. This treatment is desirable for certain fractures. 

Moving away from the site of the attack as quickly as possible will reduce the amount of exposure. Orderly retreat will reduce the risk of other accidents such as sprains or broken bones. An individual could receive additional exposure for every minute spent in the open near the attack site. If he has had direct contact with a hazardous substance, the time of exposure should be minimized. Hazardous substances on the skin, clothing, and hair should be removed as quickly as possible using specific decontamination methods outlined in Chapter 7. Special medical attention should be administered as soon as possible if an individual has ingested or inhaled a hazardous substance or if the hazardous substance entered the body through a wound. Consider the following example ... 

Another area in need of work is the on-site grafting, attachment of polymeric materials on biological sites such as particularly badly broken bones where the leg is surgically opened and a polymeric material chemically attached after suitable bone activation with the polymeric material degrading after its use period is up. This area 1s mentioned only to reinforce the notion that interdisciplinary team efforts and polymer chemists with broad training are needed to make the best use of... 

It has long been known that certain individuals are exceedingly susceptible to bone fractures. In some cases fractures may occur during fetal life, in other cases the difficulty may show up during infancy, and in still others it appears in later life. The severest cases die very early, but those with less severe conditions may live to suffer from scores of broken bones during childhood. This condition is... 

Titanium s noncorrosive and lightweight properties make it useful in the manufacture of laboratory and medical equipment that will withstand acid and halogen salt corrosion. These same properties make it an excellent metal for surgical pins and screws in the repair of broken bones and joints. 

Amaranthus paniculatus L. Fan Sui Xian (leaf) Betaine.48 Stop bleeding, relieve pain, externally for wounds, broken bones. 

Maesa perlarius (Lour.) Merrill. Sha Gui Hua (leaf, root) Alkaloids, quinonic substance.73 Crushed leaves are bound over broken bones or treat measles. Root is diuretic, stomachic. 

Around 1900 bone plates to secure broken bones were introduced. Many of these plates broke due to design flaws, i.e. they were too thin and / or had angles with tension concentrations. Scientists also experimented with vanadium steel, this material has good mechanical... 

A group of materials technologists and surgeons led by Brent Constanz of the Norian Corporation in Cupertino, California, USA developed a bone paste to be injected into bone fractures. The paste, trade name Norian SRS, hardens in minutes and thus braces broken bones. In 12 hours the material has a compression strength which equals that of natural bone. So far the material has been tested in fractures of the hip, knee, shoulder and wrist. The operations proceed faster than their traditional equivalents fewer plates and screws are necessary and the patients are able to resume their normal activities much more quickly. 

Hydroxyapatite (HAP), the molecular formula of which is Ca5(P04)3(0H) or Caio(P04)6(OH)2, is the major inorganic constituent in bone, teeth, etc. in the human body. HAP has essentially the same chemical composition and crystalline structure as those of human bone and so has good bio-compatibility. For a long time, it has been widely used as a sclerotin material in setting broken bone, filling teeth, etc. [215]. In addition, HAP can also be used as a food additive and moisture-sensitive element, etc. 

Hard X-ray Imaging. Similar to the way medical radiographs can reveal a broken bone, chemical imaging with hard X-rays is used to examine internal or hidden components in thick, dense samples. This technique has been applied in virtually every field from life sciences to engineering to archaeology. A few representative uses are ... 

Mechanical injuries (cuts, scrapes, bruises, dislocations, broken bones, etc.) are as a rule caused by the violation of safety rules when servicing moving mechanisms, machines, elevators or faulty equipment they can also be caused by breakdown of equipment or piping. 

Nineteenth-century records report successful electrochemical healing of broken bones (Stevens, 1812). The beginnings of a modem phase in this work are attributed to Brighton at the University of Pennsylvania (1966). The technique has been developed so that it is an accepted method in orthopedics. The beginning of a noninvasive technique using a Helmholtz coil to induce currents is attributed to Pilla (1974). Both dc and ac currents have been used. Typically, the methods employ pulses lasting 5 x 1(T3 s with a repetition rate of 15 per second. 

In the 1950s, surgeons discovered that titanium metal was not rejected by the body and so was ideal for mending broken bones. It has been used in operations for hip and knee replacements, inserting cranial plates for skull fractures, and even for attaching teeth, some of... 

Our interest in the role of trace elements in bone metabolism developed in a rather bizarre fashion. Ve became interested in the orthopedic problems of a prominent professional basketball player. Bill Walton. Several years ago he was plagued by frequent broken bones, pains in his joints and an inability to heal bone fractures. We hypothesized that he might be deficient in trace elements as a result of his very limited vegetarian diet. In cooperation with his physician, we were able to analyze Walton s serum. We found no detectable manganese (Mn). His serum concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were below normal values. Dietary supplementation with trace elements and calcium (Ca) was begun. Over a period of several months his bones healed and he returned to professional basketball (1,2). In cooperation with several other orthopedic physicians, we analyzed serum from other patients with slow bone healing. Several of these patients also had abnormally low Zn, Cu and Mn levels. 

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