Dedication

The gas processing options described in the previous section were designed primarily to meet on-site usage or evacuation specifications. Before delivery to the customer further processing would normally be carried out at dedicated gas processing plants, which may receive gas from many different gas and oil fields. Gas piped to such plants is normally treated to prevent liquid drop out under pipeline conditions (dew point control) but may still contain considerable volumes of natural gas liquids (NGL) and also contaminants. 

The manifold is typically a tubular steel structure (similar to a template) which is host to a series of remotely operated valves and chokes. It is common for subsea tree control systems to be mounted on the manifold and not on the individual trees. A complex manifold will generally have its own set of dedicated subsea control modules (for controlling manifold valves and monitoring flowline sensors). 

At sufficiently high frequency, the electromagnetic skin depth is several times smaller than a typical defect and induced currents flow in a thin skin at the conductor surface and the crack faces. It is profitable to develop a theoretical model dedicated to this regime. Making certain assumptions, a boundary value problem can be defined and solved relatively simply leading to rapid numerical calculation of eddy-current probe impedance changes due to a variety of surface cracks. 

This step is dedicated to the extraction of various flaw parameters (topological, geometrical and functional), such as texture, size or shape, which ate essential for the pattern recognition module. 

Our company is dedicated solely to metal-ceramic X-ray tubes since 25 years over this time, we have made lots of different tube models especially for tyre inspection systems. The major reasons for the use of metal-ceramic tubes in this inspection technology are robustness, their small and individual shapes, and the frequent need for modifications of their design due to custom designed systems. 

For several years, the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) has developed modelling tools for ultrasonic NDT configurations. Implemented within the CIVA software for multiple technique NDT data acquisition and processing [1,2], these models are not only devoted to laboratory uses but also dedicated to ultrasonic operators without special training in simulation techniques. This approach has led us to develop approximate models carrying out the compromise between as accurate as possible quantitative predictions and simplicity, speed and intensive use in an industrial context. 

The advantage of this dedicated form is that the operator must not optimize the position of the probe. As the probe fits exactly to the blade contour, the positioning can be performed very quickly. 

However, this probe design is dedicated to a special turbine blade type and a special inspection task on this blade. But similar probe types and probe holders can be provided also for other engine types and for other inspection tasks like wall thickness measurement and crack detection in other zones of a blade. 

File Format A survey of established file formats revealed that none was particularly suitable, and therefore a dedicated CamuS file format was defined. 

Inspection jobs are often so special regarding to object geometry, available space, or inspection requirements that a standard scanner is not directly useful for the job. This leads to modifications of existing scarmer equipment, or design and manufacture of a dedicated scanner under a tight time schedule. 

A modular scanner system for NDE has been developed. It consists of a selection of individual electronics and motor module components, supported by scanner configuration and control software. The modules are used as standard building blocks for construction of job specific, dedicated scanners as well and general purpose scanners. The use of modular scanner components significantly reduce the work, time and cost not only for the design and manufacture but also for establishing documentation and ensure compliance with the relevant EU-directive requirements. 

These tests generate several Gigabytes of data that are fed into a historical database. Although most of the analysis is performed automatically, human interaction is still needed to compare current and past data. Data are stored on optical CD S s from which the historical data bank are retrieved during field inspections from a mobile unit. Each of these is equipped with a CD-jukebox linked to an analysis station. The jukebox can handle 100 CD s, enough to store all previously recorded data. A dedicated software pre-fetches the historical data and compares it on-line with the newly acquired NDT-data. It is based on fuzzy algorithms applied to signal features. 

All CD s are stored in a CD-jukebox (100 CD s per jukebox), and are accessible to all HP9000 workstations under HP-UX 9.05 via the fXOS software (Ixos-Jukeman VI.3b). The Ixos-Jukeinan software has a slow time response for filenames searches on the jukeboxes. This problem has been encompassed. Laborelec has developed a dedicated static database software. This database is loaded once for all after burning and verifying CD s. All CD s are read from the jukebox and all the filenames are saved in this database. One jukebox can contain more than 65.000 records. This dedicated software retrieves files from jukebox almost instantaneously. 

A version of this material appears in a speoial issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry dedicated to the Prooeedings of the International Conferenoe on Time-Resolved Vibrational Speotrosoopy (TRVS IX), May 16-22 1999, Tuoson, Arizona. See Kirkwood J C, Ulness D J and Albreoht A C 2000 On the olassifioation of the eleotrio field speotrosoopies applioations to Raman soattering J. Phys. Chem. A 104 4167-73. 

The original method employed was to scan eitiier the frequency of the exciting oscillator or to scan the applied magnetic field until resonant absorption occiined. Flowever, compared to simultaneous excitation of a wide range of frequencies by a short RF pulse, the scanned approach is a very time-inefficient way of recording the spectrum. Flence, with the advent of computers that could be dedicated to spectrometers and efficient Fourier transfomi (FT) algoritluns, pulsed FT NMR became the nomial mode of operation. 

Krivanek O L, Deiiby N, Spence A J and Brown L M 1998 Sphericai aberration correction in dedicated STEM Electron Microscopy 1998 14th Int. Oonf. on Electron Microscopy (Oancun) voi 1 (Bristoi institute of Physics Pubiishing) pp 55-6... 

This review is dedicated to Professor G R Lucklrurst (University of Soutliampton) on tire occasion of his 60tli birtliday. He is also tlianked for comments on a draft version of tliis chapter. 

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Roland Bulirsch on the occasion of his 65th birthday. 

The work by Hammett and Taft in the 1950s had been dedicated to the separation and quantification of steric and electronic influences on chemical reactivity. Building on this, from 1964 onwards Hansch started to quantify the steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobic effects and their influences on a variety of properties, not least on the biological activity of drugs. In 1964, the Free-Wilson analysis was introduced to relate biological activity to the presence or absence of certain substructures in a molecule. 

Much labor has been dedicated to establishing a common technique enabling one to solve the problem of choice. Some solutions suggested are useful, others are less efficient. Below we shall examine the most prominent ones. 

Let us see how the approach works in practice. One of the first studies dedicated to the applications of GA with regard to this task was that by Rogers and Hopfinger [12]. However, the pioneering efforts are due to the Nijmegen chemo-metrics research group led by Buydens [13, 14). 

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