Wireless-electronic devices

The battery industry has seen enormous growth over the past few years in portable, rechargeable battery packs. The majority of this surge can be attributed to the revolution in the use of multimedia in mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), as well in laptop computers and other wireless electronics devices. 

Mitcheson EM et al (2008) Energy harvesting fiom human and machine motion for wireless electronic devices. Proc IEEE 96 1457-1486... 

Bluetooth the need for low-cost short-range wireless radio networking among different electronic devices such as mobile PCs, cell phones, and... 

Primary batteries Portable electronic devices watches, cameras, camcorders, calculators, remote controls, Walkmans, toothbrushes, shavers, toys. Household flash lamps, smoke detectors, radios. Workshop portable tools (wireless drill, screwdrivers, etc.), test meters. Medicine hearing-aid devices, pace maker devices, blood pressure... 

Electronic device fabrication requires a substrate, which is typically a highly purified slice of singlecrystal semiconductor. For optoelectronic applications, the substrate could be GaAs, InP, or some other semiconductor but for most integrated circuits and many Si-Ge wireless applications, the wafer is made of Si. 

J. M. Rahaey. Wireless beyond the third generation—facing the energy challenge. In Proc. Int l Symposium of Low Power Electronic Devices, 2001, pp. 1-3. 

Wearable technology consists of wearable electronics, a term that mainly includes simple and more complex electronic devices and their embedding within textile structures. A good example of the popularity of the research subject is the current Qualcomm Tricorder X-Prize competition for the best portable, wireless device that monitors and diagnoses health conditions (XPRIZE, 2014). Undoubtedly, as the aim is that the device monitors such elements as blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature, some of the sensors of the device will come in the form of textile-embedded electronics. 

Smart textiles are also available as consumer sportswear, which can monitor parameters such as heart rate and running statistics linking wirelessly to electronic devices such as iPhones, as with the Nike + products or smart phone android apps, as with the Adidas miCoach system. 

The Li-ion battery has already introduced the wireless revolution by powering the cell telephone and the laptop computer as well as their derivatives. Modest increases in anode capacity will improve the volume energy density for handheld electronic devices. 

Because the long-wavelength approximation is not valid due to the localized nature of the dressed photon (refer to Sect. 1.2), an electron in the nanometric particle can be excited even to an electric dipole-forbidden energy level as a result of the dressed photon exchange between closely spaced nanometric particles, which enables novel nanometer-scale wireless optical devices with dimensions beyond the diffraction-limit, low energy consumption, and resistance to non-invasive attacks. 

Small consumer-electronics devices such as cell phones, bluetooth wireless headset, music (MP3) players, etc. often utilize only a single series Li-ion cell to provide power to these devices. Although the capacity and size of the battery may vary, these are generally smaller cells ranging from a few 100 mAh for a headset to 3000 mAh for a larger smart-phone. 

Autonomy in energy is still a main handicap of the majority of mobile electronic devices. Many wireless device users have no doubt dreamt of never having to reload their mobile phone. Even if the electronic circuits require less and less energy, new possibilities appear and create an additional need for energy (a larger screen size implies a more significant power consumption). 

The development of the microcomputer led to the need to connect these devices to themselves and the wide area networks. In 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 standard was announced. It has provided most of the connectivity to networks since that time, although many wireless computing devices can connect with Bluetooth. 

As the quantum theory of atomic structure came to be better understood and electricity better controlled, electronic theory became much more important. Spurred by the success of the electromagnetic telegraph of American inventor Samuel Morse (1791-1872), scientists sought other applications. The first major electronic application of worldwide importance was wireless radio, first demonstrated by Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937). Radio depended on electronic devices known as vacuum tubes, in which structures capable of controlling... 

Tesla, Nikola (1856-1943) Born in modern-day Croatia, the brilliant if eccentric Tesla came to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison s company and later for Edison s rival George West-inghouse (1846-1914). In 1891, Tesla became a naturalized American citizen. A physicist, mechanical and electrical engineer, and an inventor specializing in electromagnetism, he created fluorescent lighting, pioneered wireless communication, built an alternating- current induction motor, and developed the Tesla coil, variations of which have provided the basis for many modern electrical and electronic devices. 

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