Conversion data

After collecting the necessary information from the plant s files and employees, it is crucial to have a structured approach to reduce and combine the raw data into a relevant form for analysis and failure rate computation. The following steps describe these procedures  

The recommended initial step is to determine the duration of the study period for the analysis by first defining a start date. The end date is determined by the maintenance records. For computerized systems, the last update of the overall system provides the end date. For manual systems, it may be necessary to define an end date to accommodate the lag time in updating records. The start and end dates define the maximum calendar time that a piece of equipment is available for service. The operating time for this equipment will be equal to or less than the calendar period, depending on plant operations and the equipment s operating mode. 

Data encoding consists of converting historical failure records into formats that can then be used to calculate time-related and demand-related equipment failure rates. It is important that the encoding step be done so that plant information used to calculate failure rates can be traced through each step back to the raw data. The minimum set of information that must be recorded includes  

The date of occurrence is an important element since it verifies whether the equipment failure occurred during the analysis time frame. The equipment type is necessary for 

Sometimes it is necessary to review the narrative in raw data records to determine whether a failure has occurred, to establish failure modes and severities, and to see if a record is a duplicate or new failure. Often, the narrative section is the only way the data analyst can determine if the document, especially a work order, is for a legitimate failure, routine maintenance, or a specified test. 

A peak position is given by a time value (or a Hall voltage value in a magnetic analyser or a voltage value in a quadrupole), which must be converted into a mass value. This supposes a preliminary calibration with known products (PFK, (Csl) , etc.). The masses furnished by the calibrating product are stored in the computer. A relationship of the type m = ax + b is calibrated with two known peaks and is checked or corrected with known peaks located in other mass areas. 

The peak position can be taken as the position of the largest digital sample or can be calculated by the centroid  

The peak intensity is given either by the maximum voltage Vm LX, or by the peak area. 

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A structure drawn by a molecular editor such as ISIS Draw) can be translated by the data conversion program AutoNom into a lUPAC name, and vice versa, by exchanging structure information through a ROSDAL string [18, 19]. 

CASSIS USPTO USPTO Office of Electronic Data Conversion and Dissemination CASSIS, the Classification and Search Support Information System of the USPTO, comprises three subfiles CASSIS/BIB, bibHographic information for utiHty patents from 1969 and for others from 1977 CASSIS/CLASS, USPTO classification by patent number of class/subclass CASSIS/ASSIST, iadex to U.S. Manual of Classification U.S. Manual of Classification, Class Definitions IPC, U.S. Classification Concordance Manual of Patent Examining Procedure Attorneys/ Agents Roster, etc... 

M. W. KeUogg Co., Saline Water Data Conversion Engineering Data Book, 3rd ed.. Office of Saline Water Contract No. 14-30-2639, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1975. 

Costing investment analysis Data acquisition Database management Data conversion Development tools Dispersion models Distillation Drafting... 

Making equipment reliability data commonly available requires collection of raw data, conversion of those data into failure rates, and a framework or taxonomy in which the failure rates can be stored. Unless all these tasks are coordinated, there may be no way of fitting them together to produce usable, classified reliability data. In this book, we have attempted to make these three areas, often carried out completely independently, compatible so that any data collected in the future using this book can be easily added to the store of generic reliability data. 

FIG. 16 Gel kinetics from NMR data conversion of acrylamide and Bis versus time. (Reprinted from Ref. 262, Copyright 1987, with permission from Elsevier Science.)... 

As stated on the OMG (Object Management) website (http //www.omg. org/), a lack of data standards results in data conversions, loss of information, lack of interoperability, etc. Current standards du jour are XML (Extensible Markup Language) [17], LSID (Life Sciences Identifiers), and now the RDF (Resource Description Framework) from the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), which is extensible though hard to implement. Substantial work on OO (Object Oriented) modeling of life science data types takes place at the OMG s LSR (Life Sciences Research) group—this is discussed below. 

The type of system chosen determines the types of hardware and software needed. It also determines the processes for acquiring the necessary hardware and software. The hardware selection may include desktops, laptops, printers, scanners, fax machines, and storage devices, and the software selection includes the system development software, the database management software, the data communication software, the data conversion software, specialized proprietary software, servers, and hrewalls. 

Various computer software and programs have been developed and used to simplify the transformation, manipulation, and analysis of trial data, to speed up and increase the accuracy of reporting the trial s hndings. If data are collected in a format other than that required by the analysis software, the data must be transformed. There are several data conversion software packages that can be used to transform the collected data from the original format to the analysis format. Examples of these include DBMSCopy and Stat/ Transfer. 

Typesetting Data conversion by MEDIO, Berlin Cover MEDIO, Berlin... 

Although relatively unknown, the instrumentation for 2DLC was conceived and implemented by Emi and Frei (1978). They reported the valve configuration presently used in most comprehensive 2DLC systems. However, they automated neither the valve nor the data conversion process to obtain a contour map or 2D peak display. They used a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column in the first dimension and a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) column in the second dimension and studied complex plant extracts. 

These incubations are often carried out at 37 °C for 1-2 h. At different time points, 20-200 /aL of incubation mixture is withdrawn from each incubation and mixed with equal volume of ice-cold acetonitrile by vortexing. For preparation of acyl glucuronide, ice-cold acetonitrile containing 1% of formic acid is used to minimize acyl-migration [3,14]. After centrifugation at 13 000 rpm for 5-15 min, the supernatant (10-30 /aU) is analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPUC)-UV-MS. The metabolite of interest is identified based on HPLC retention time, UV spectrum and MS/MS data. Conversion yield is estimated based on UV absorption peak areas. A suitable in vitro enzyme system for scale-up is then... 

Data conversion and production by LE-TgX Jelonek, Schmidt Vockler GbR, Leipzig, Germany Cover design eStudio Calamar, Girona/Spain... 

The prevailing trend is that the values decrease in moving from KT to NOF-EKT, and then from NOF-EKT to experimental data. Conversely, in the case of P2, the hrst IP increases in moving from KT to NOF-EKT, and then from NOF-EKT to experimental values. For the HCl molecule, the NOF-EKT hrst IP is... 

The GETFILE software is used in this volume to demonstrate its capabilities for converting various spectrometer specific data formats into the WINNMR format. It has been developed for data conversion and easy data transfer and must be installed if you wish to... 

For automatic data transfer and data conversion choose the Open option from the File pull-down menu in either ID WIN-NMR or 2D WIN-NMR in exactly the same way as for data files already stored on your PC hard disk. Open directly transfers and automatically converts (UXNMR/XWINNMR-data) ID or 2D data sets and shows the NMR data in the corresponding WIN-NMR application window for immediate processing. The processed data will not automatically be stored in the WINNMR format. 

UXNMR/XWINNMR file UX HUX 001 001 FID by clicking on it. Start the data conversion process by clicking on the OK button in the dialog box. An info-box appears on the screen indicating the current operation ("copy. convert") on the data set being read and the FID is displayed on the screen. 

Again assume that your CD-ROM disk E is a NFS mounted remote disk. Start the 1D WIN-NMR program and from the File pull-down menu choose the Open option to read in a 1D NMR data file in the DISNMR format. The Open File dialog box appears on the screen. Select the CD-ROM directory E NMRDATA FORMAT DISNMR 1D H, mark the DISNMR file DIS HDIS.001 by clicking on it and start the data conversion process by clicking the OK... 

Typesetting Data conversion by medio Technologies AG, Berlin Cover E. Kirchner, Heidelberg... 

High loading of PCf indicates that this vector is aligned close to the original data values that is, the transformation to the feature space defined by the new principal components matches the important (perhaps the most important) trend in the raw data. Conversely, low loading means that the PC does not match a significant trend in the data. Typically, 2-3 PCs can characterize most experimental datasets. This then allows a 2-D or a 3-D graphical representation of the results, as shown in Fig. 10.6. As powerful as it is, the PCA fails in cases where the individual sensors in the... 

Initial system data (data conversion, if applicable) installed as designed... 

In some cases, a replacement system will be installed which can access the data records from the previous system, including historical data, to enable such data to be available in the format used by the new system. If necessary, a data conversion process must be carried out. Where system obsolescence forces the need to convert electronic records from one system or format to another, the conversion process must be qualified and its integrity verified. The electronic copies of electronic record files can be considered to be electronic record files provided that the data transfer processes have been verified. Services such as Digital Notary expedite the verification of the conversion process. 

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