Moisture conversion data

Analyses reported on a dry basis are calculated on the basis that there is no moisture associated with the sample. The moisture value (ASTM D-3173 ISO 331 ISO 589 ISO 1015 ISO 1018 ISO 11722) is used for converting as determined data to the dry basis. Analytical data that are reported on a dry, ash-free basis are calculated on the assumption that there is no moisture or mineral matter associated with the sample. The values obtained for moisture determination (ASTM D-3173 ISO 589) and ash determination (ASTM D-3174) are used for the conversion. Finally, data calculated on an equilibrium moisture basis are calculated to the moisture level determined (ASTM D-1412) as the equilibrium (capacity) moisture. 

Moisture and ash (Chapter 3) are not determined as a part of the data presented for ultimate analysis but must be determined so that the analytical values obtained can be converted to comparable bases other than that of the analysis sample. In other words, analytical values may need to be converted to an as-received basis, a dry basis, or a dry, ash-free basis. When suitable corrections are made for any carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur derived from the inorganic material, and for conversion of ash to mineral matter, the ultimate analysis represents the elemental composition of the organic material in coal in terms of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. 

Flammability limits in air Conversion factors No data No data Reacts with moisture to give phosphine a flammable gasj... 

When Monarch (Lower Bench) coal (W-74-53) was hydrotreated with synthesis gas In anthracene oil and 25 wt% moisture at 425 + 5°C, an operating pressure of 3900-4000 psl, and a reaction time of one hour, a 99% conversion and 727. selectivity to oil on a moisture- and ash-free basis was observed. The viscosity of the coal oil in anthracene solvent was remarkably low, 53 cen-tlpolses at 60°C. At lower residence time from 15 min. to 30 min., the product oil resulted In a high viscosity, even-though the conversions were not greatly affected. These data are shown in Table III and Figure 1. 

Recent work on the dimerisation of 1,1-diphenylethylene by aluminium chloride produced conclusive evidence that direct initiation does not lead to the total ctmsump-tion of the catalyst. This excellent piece of research diowed that about 2.5 aluminium atoms are needed to give rise to one carbenium ion. Similar indications were reported by Kennedy and Squires for the low temperature polymerisation of isobutene by aluminium chloride. They underlined the peculiar feature of limited yields obtained in flash polymerisations with small amounts of catalyst. The low conversions could be increased by further or continuous additions of the Lewis acid. Equal catalyst increments produced equal yield increments It was also shown that introductions of small amounts of moisture or hydrogen chloride in the quiescent system did not reactivate the polymerisation. This work was carried out in pentane and different purification procedures for this solvent resulted in the same proportionality between polymer yield and catalyst concentration. Experiments were also performed in which other monomers (styrene, a-methylstyrene, cyclopentadiene) were added to the quiescent isobutene mixture. The polymerisation of these olefins was initiated but limited yields were again obtained. Althou the full implications of these observations must await more precise data, we agree with the authors interpretation that allylic cations formed in the isobutene polymerisation, while incapable of activating that monomer, are initiators for the polymerisation of the more basic monomers added to the quiescent mixture. The low temperature polymerisation of isobutene by aluminium chloride was also studied... 

Thermal conversion of biomass/waste streams in oses demands on the fuel quality. The basic physical properties of the biomass and waste streams, such as moisture content, ash content and melting temperature, particle size (distribution), density and calorific value are irrqioitant properties, which determine the design specifications of a new installation to a large extent, The fact that biomass and waste Streams are usually til defined, leads to a significant spread in physical and chemical data. 

A conceptual material balance of a refinery producing 100,000 bbl/ day of fuel oil from coal was calculated (Table IV) based on the bench-scale data obtained by the authors and the published data available. In this projection, a coal containing 7.5% moisture, 10% ash, and 2.5% total sulfur is used as the feed. The hydrogenation can be performed in any type of reactor system in the ranges of 500°-550°C and 2000-3000 psi. The process conditions will be optimized for a coal conversion of about 80%. The hydrocarbon gases produced in the process will be used... 

Fig. 40 Moisture sorption isotherm at 30°C showing the conversion of raffinose trihydrate to pentahydrate. This graph was constructed using data from Ref. 22.

Most of the observations refer to dry atmospheric conditions. A few data obtained in the presence of moisture were treated by Gillani and Wilson (1983), who attempted to separate the effects of gas- and liquid-phase processes by applying an empirical parametrization of the dry conversion rate. The results confirm the notion that both types of processes are equally important. The majority of the studies were conducted in the plumes of coal-fired power plants. Wilson (1981) included in his analysis one oil-fired unit and found similar results. Garber et al. (1981) found lower conversion rates in the plumes of an oil-fired power plant in Northport, New York. The reasons for the difference are unknown. 

The cumulative energy efficiency is identical with the one given by Equation 54.2 if the outlet air temperature is constant, or the time interval is short and the moisture content variation is not significant. Conversely, Equation 54.2 can be used to calculate the instantaneous energy efficiency from temperature data given in terms of temperature if the variation of the outlet air temperature with time or moisture content is known. Furthermore, the instantaneous energy efficiency, suitable for dryer performance analysis, can be determined from Equation 54.1 if values of and E are taken for small time increment. 

---