Object orientated

Nelson, M., Humphrey, W., Gursoy, A., Dalke, A., Kale, L., Skeel, R.D., Schul-ten, K. NAMD - A parallel, object-oriented molecular dynamics program. Int. J. Supercomputing Applications and High Performance Computing 10 (1996) 251-268. 

K. Schulten. NAMD—a parallel, object-oriented molecular dynamics program. Inti. J. Supercomput. Applies. High Performance Computing, 10 251-268, 1996. 

NAMD was implemented in an object-oriented fashion (Fig. 3). Patches, the encapsulated communication subsystem, the molecular structure, and various output methods were objects. Every patch owned specialized objects... 

Fig. 3. NAMD 1 employs a modular, object-oriented design in which patches communicate via an encapsulated communication subsystem. Every patch owns an integrator and a complete set of force objects for bonded (BondForce), nonbonded (ElectForce), and full electrostatic (DPMTA) calculations.

Kale, L., Krishnan, S. Charm-t—1- A Portable Concurrent Object Oriented System Based on C-(—1-. In Proceedings of the Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications. A. Paepcke, editor. ACM Press, New York, N.Y., 1993. 

For a variety of appHcations such as computer-aided engineering systems, software development, or hypermedia, the relational database model is insufficient. In an RDBMS, it is difficult to model complex objects and environments the various extensive tables become complicated, the integrity is problematic to observe, and the performance of the system is reduced. This led to two sophisticated object-based models, the object-oriented and the object-relational model, which are mentioned only briefly here. For further details see Refs. [10] and [11]. 

The hierarical, network, relational, and object-oriented database models are the four fundamental ones. 

Some object-oriented systems also support the notion of subobjects. This faciUtates the representation of stmctural relationships. For example, the objects IMPELLER and LINING can be made subobjects of a REACTOR object, to represent the stmctural components of the reactor. 

To illustrate the power of the object-oriented style of representation, consider the reactor diagnosis example used eadier in the discussion of rules. Assume that there are several reactors, R-101, R-102, etc, each served by a common cooling system. Relating coolant malfunctions to the temperature in each reactor would need multiple rules, or rules with multiple disjunctions. Instead, if rules are used in combination with the object representation described above, a single general rule can be written to cover all the specific instances, as follows. 

In object-oriented systems, the notion of inheritance is important. Inheritance means that a property of a class is automatically acquired by subclasses and objects of that class. Eor instance, having defined all the classes and objects Hsted above, if the property TIMESTAMP has to be added to all process data objects, one simply has to add it to the class PROCESS DATA. This modification would be automatically reflected in all subclasses and objects. 

ASCEND. This framework is by Westerberg and coworkers (Ref. 295) at Carnegie-Mellon University. It features an object-oriented modeling language and is well suited for constructing complex models. 

NAMD Object-oriented molecular dynamics code designed for high perfor-... 

Gruhn, G., Rosenkranz, J., Werther, J. and Toebemiann, J.C., 1997. Development of an object-oriented simulation system for complex solids processes. Computers and chemical engineering, 21, S187. 

Though the prototype has been written using the C programming language, it is object-oriented in style. Future versions of Swarm will be implemented using the Objective-C language. Objective-C is an object-oriented extension of the C language that is widely available as part of the GNU C compiler, and is available on the World-Wide-Web. 

A database (or data base) is a collection of data that is organised so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and modified by a computer. The most prevalent type of database is the relational database which organises the data in tables multiple relations can be mathematically defined between the rows and columns of each table to yield the desired information. An object-oriented database stores data in the form of obj ects which are organised in hierarchical classes that may inherit properties from classes higher in the tree structure. 

As stated on the OMG (Object Management) website (http //www.omg. org/), a lack of data standards results in data conversions, loss of information, lack of interoperability, etc. Current standards du jour are XML (Extensible Markup Language) [17], LSID (Life Sciences Identifiers), and now the RDF (Resource Description Framework) from the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), which is extensible though hard to implement. Substantial work on OO (Object Oriented) modeling of life science data types takes place at the OMG s LSR (Life Sciences Research) group—this is discussed below. 

Object-oriented descriptions of the Power-Forming-Plant at two levels of abstraction (a) in terms of processing units, and (c) in terms of processing sections. The descriptions of a proce.ssing unit (b) and a processing section (c). 

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