High load

Hardness. The resistance of a fabricated mbber article to indentation, ie, hardness, is influenced by the amount and shape of its fillers. High loadings increase hardness. Fillers in the form of platelets or flakes, such as clays or mica, impart greater hardness to elastomers than other particle shapes at equivalent loadings. 

TrialkylPhosphates. Triethyl phosphate [78-40-0] C H O P, is a colorless Hquid boiling at 209—218°C containing 17 wt % phosphoms. It may be manufactured from diethyl ether and phosphoms pentoxide via a metaphosphate intermediate (63,64). Triethyl phosphate has been used commercially as an additive for polyester laminates and in ceHulosics. In polyester resins, it functions as a viscosity depressant as weH as a flame retardant. The viscosity depressant effect of triethyl phosphate in polyester resins permits high loadings of alumina trihydrate, a fire-retardant smoke-suppressant filler (65,66). 

Flocculation. The interaction of the cationic PEIs with anionic substrates leads to substrate flocculation. AppHcations of this property include the coagulation of latex (434), commercial appHcation in effluent treatments (435—437), and stabiHzation of highly loaded coal—water mixtures in mining (438). 

Various other soft materials without the layer—lattice stmcture are used as soHd lubricants (58), eg, basic white lead or lead carbonate [598-63-0] used in thread compounds, lime [1305-78-8] as a carrier in wire drawing, talc [14807-96-6] and bentonite [1302-78-9] as fillers for grease for cable pulling, and zinc oxide [1314-13-2] in high load capacity greases. Graphite fluoride is effective as a thin-film lubricant up to 400°C and is especially useful with a suitable binder such as polyimide varnish (59). Boric acid has been shown to have promise as a self-replenishing soHd composite (60). 

Flame retardants designated for nylon include halogenated organic compounds, phosphorous derivatives, and melamine cyanurate (160—163). Generally, flame retardants are difficult to spin in nylon because of the high loading required for effectiveness and their adverse effects on melt viscosity and fiber physical properties. 

Strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2, resembles slaked lime but is more soluble in water (21.83 g per 100 g of water at 100°C). It is a white dehquescent sohd with a specific gravity of 3.62 and a melting point of 375°C. Strontium soaps are made by combining strontium hydroxide with soap stocks, eg, lard, tallow, or peanut oil. The strontium soaps are used to make strontium greases, which are lubricants that adhere to metallic surfaces at high loads and are water-resistant, chemically and physically stable, and resistant to thermal breakdown over a wide temperature range (11). 

Diethanolamine (DEA) has replaced MEA as the most widely used amine solvent. High load DEA technologies, such as that developed by Elf Aquitaine, permit the use of high (up to 40 wt % DEA) concentration solutions. The Elf Aquitaine—DEA process allows lower cinculation rates, and has consequent reductions ia capital and utility expenses. DEA tends to be more resistant to degradation by carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide than MEA. DEA is, however, susceptible to degradation by carbon dioxide. 

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