Daily Acceptable

Acceptance Criteria. Daily acceptance criteria are the performance standards against which applications of method are judged. Two approaches are used to define the acceptance criteria (1) with respect to standard deviation of data obtained during validation, and (2) with reference to externally imposed requirements. These criteria should be established during method development or immediately following validation, prior to application of the method to study samples [1,3,5,11,14,17]. Aspects of the assay that could or should be included in acceptance criteria include ... 

Class III solvents of low toxicity in humans, such as acetone, ethanol, and ethylene ether. The daily acceptable level for this class is 50 mg, but in some cases it can be exceeded. This class contains 27 solvents (Table 8.2). 

Figure 4. Daily acceptance ratio with complete DTS stoppage from day 10 to 15—consequences observed until day 70.

The measure of the acceptance ratio, defined by equation (2), is not adequate in this case— it assumes the same distribution in all the time periods (/., i.e. the stationary property of the stochastic process. Instead, we consider the daily acceptance ratio a. ... 

The safety of lecithin is also confirmed by the World Health Organi2ation (WHO). WHO has not set any acceptable daily intake (ADI) to lecithin as... 

The U.S. Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), which maintains the U.S. National Defense Stockpile (NDS), sold 267 t of stockpiled mercury in 1992 (14). The DLA also sold 103 t of secondary mercury from the Department of Energy (DOE) stocks at Oak Ridge, Teimessee. The DLA accepts bids for prime virgin mercury on a daily basis, and for secondary mercury once a month. Inventories on December 31, 1992 were 4766 t of mercury in the NDS and 121 t of DOE mercury (14). The goal for both is zero. 

Aspartame (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester [22839-47-0]) is about 200 times sweeter than sucrose. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) has been estabUshed by JECFA as 40 mg/kg/day. Stmcture-taste relationship of peptides has been reviewed (223). Demand for L-phenylalanine and L-aspartic acid as the raw materials for the synthesis of aspartame has been increasing, d-Alanine is one component of a sweetener "Ahtame" (224). 

JECEA reviewed the safety studies of glutamate and endorsed its safety by allocating an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for L-glutamic acid and its monosodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, and magnesium salts as being "not specified." The scientific committee for food of EC concurred (40). 

Sorbic acid is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water ia the same way as other fatty acids, releasiag 27.6 kj/g sorbate (6.6 kcal/g) (165). As a result of the favorable toxicological and physiological aspects, the World Health Organization (WHO) has allowed sorbic acid at the highest acceptable daily iatake of all food preservatives, 25 mg/kg body weight (178). 

Vanillin is Hsted in the Code of Federal Regulations by the FDA as a Generally Recogni2ed As Safe (GRAS) substance. The Council of Europe and the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Eood Additives have both given vanillin an unconditional Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 10 mg/kg. 

Toxicity. The acceptable daily allowance, which may be ingested without any risk of harm, is 1050 mg for a 70-kg healthy person (20). There is also no evidence in the Hterature that ingestion of up to 10 g vitamin C per day constitutes a serious health risk for humans. 

Injectable Contraceptives. Injections of contraceptive dmgs must be sufficiendy spaced to make the approach attractive to the user. The average contraceptive user is not willing to endure daily injections or injection intervals of one or two weeks the minimum acceptable injection interval has been found to be at least four weeks. 

Design criteria with respect to health-hazardous gases could alternatively be given as an accepted daily exposure of contaminant (for each hazardous substance, or a combination of substances). 

Toxicologists tend to focus their attention primarily on c.xtrapolations from cancer bioassays. However, tlicrc is also a need to evaluate the risks of lower doses to see how they affect the various organs and systems in the body. Many scientific papers focused on tlic use of a safety factor or uncertainty factor approach, since all adverse effects other than cancer and mutation-based dcvclopmcnUil effects are believed to have a tlu cshold i.e., a dose below which no adverse effect should occur. Several researchers have discussed various approaches to setting acceptable daily intakes or exposure limits for developmental and reproductive toxicants. It is Uiought Uiat an acceptable limit of exposure could be determined using cancer models, but today tliey arc considered inappropriate because of tlircsholds. ... 

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) An estimate similar in concept to the RfD, but derived using a less strictly defined methodology. RfDs have replaced ADIs as the USEPA s (Agency) preferred values for use in evaluating potential noiicarcinogenic health effects resulting from exposure to a chemical. 

There have been numerous reports of possible allergic reactions to mercury and mercury salts and to the mercury, silver and copper in dental amalgam as well as to amalgam corrosion products Studies of the release of mercury by amalgams into distilled water, saline and artificial saliva tend to be conflicting and contradictory but, overall, the data indicate that mercury release drops with time due to film formation and is less than the acceptable daily intake for mercury in food . Further, while metallic mercury can sensitise, sensitisation of patients to mercury by dental amalgam appears to be a rare occurrence. Nevertheless, there is a growing trend to develop polymer-based posterior restorative materials in order to eliminate the use of mercury in dentistry. 

The computer has become an accepted part of our daily lives. Computer applications in applied polymer science now are focussing on modelling, simulation, robotics, and expert systems rather than on the traditional subject of laboratory instrument automation and data reduction. The availability of inexpensive computing power and of package software for many applications has allowed the scientist to develop sophisticated applications in many areas without the need for extensive program development. 

Computers have become an accepted part of our daily lives both at home and in the work-place. This has been made more bearable by the fact that they have become unobtrusive. One now uses many computerized appliances or laboratory instruments without a conscious awareness of dealing with a computer. The mystique and ritual surrounding computers has dissipated and if frequent reference to the user s manual is necessary, it is an indication that one should probably look for a better system. The computer has become a tool and a good tool is expected to perform useful functions in an uncomplicated manner. We are no longer awed by the computer and the wonders it can perform, we have simply come to expect these "wonders". 

It is now a common feeling that our world cannot survive as it is without plastics [1]. Starting from 1930, when the macromolecular concept started to gain acceptance in the scientific community [2], the advances in polymer science have been so striking that plastics have invaded almost every aspect of modern human life, both as daily materials and as sophisticated substrates able to cover high-tech applications [3]. A very easy and simple way to check this assertion is to visit the The Macrogalleria web site (1st floor) [4] where an extensive exemplification of the most common and important plastic applications in different fields is provided in a really immediate and impressive way. 

Clinical trials (60,61) have shown that TRA can be safely delivered topically using the cervical cap and collagen device. In these studies the TPA was applied as a cream to the sponge, which was then inserted into the vaginal vault. A new device was used daily for up to 4 days. Systemic effects were minimal, and local toxicity was dose-related and acceptable. 

Copper is an essential trace element. It is required in the diet because it is the metal cofactor for a variety of enzymes (see Table 50—5). Copper accepts and donates electrons and is involved in reactions involving dismu-tation, hydroxylation, and oxygenation. However, excess copper can cause problems because it can oxidize proteins and hpids, bind to nucleic acids, and enhance the production of free radicals. It is thus important to have mechanisms that will maintain the amount of copper in the body within normal hmits. The body of the normal adult contains about 100 mg of copper, located mostly in bone, liver, kidney, and muscle. The daily intake of copper is about 2—A mg, with about 50% being absorbed in the stomach and upper small intestine and the remainder excreted in the feces. Copper is carried to the liver bound to albumin, taken up by liver cells, and part of it is excreted in the bile. Copper also leaves the liver attached to ceruloplasmin, which is synthesized in that organ. 

Human Toxicity Potential. As for aquatic toxicity, the database for human toxicity potential is still being established but is based on acceptable daily doses. The total potential is the sum of potentials released to different media. 

The determination of an acceptable dose for humans involves the application of uncertainty factors to reflect the fact that, unlike the experimental animal, there is wide variability and susceptibility of response in the genetically diverse human population. Variations in gender, age, hormonal and disease status can affect the response to a chemical. In order to minimise any potential risks, uncertainty factors are applied to the NOAEL to arrive at a reduced exposure that is considered tolerable - namely the acceptable daily intake or ADI. These are usually tenfold for variations in susceptibility amongst the human population (the intra-species factor) and tenfold for the potential... 

Several aspects of the problem of herbicides being contaminated with nitrosamines, and the resulting inadvertent introduction of nitrosamines into the environment, will be discussed in other papers in this symposium. Unrecognized until less than five years ago, the situation has inspired intense debate and prompted several of the environmental chemistry studies mentioned in this paper. Like the presumed threat from the in vivo nitros-ation of pesticide residues, discussions sometimes lack the type of anticipated dose and effect calculations just mentioned. Unlike the active ingredients, whose benefits can justify residue tolerances and acceptable daily intakes, nitrosamine contaminents afford no known benefits, and the desirability of minimizing their levels is undisputed. 

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