Local toxicity

Adsorption. The adsorption of the components of a vaccine on to a mineral adjuvant. The mineral adjuvants, or carriers, most often used are aluminium lydroxide, aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate and their effect is to increase the immunogenieity and decrease the toxicity, local and systemic, of a vaccine. Diphtheria vaccine, tetanus vaccine, diphtheria/tetanus vaccine and diphtheriaAetanus/pertussis vaccine are generally prepared as adsorbed vaccines. 

For a material to be toxic (local tissue effects are largely not true toxicities by this definition), the first requirement is that it be absorbed into the organism [for which purpose being in the cavity of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract does not qualify]. Most pharmaceuticals are intended to gain such access. 

The bicyclic tropane ring of cocaine of course presented serious synthetic difficulties. In one attempt to find an appropriate substitute for this structural unit, a piperidine was prepared that contained methyl groups at the point of attachment of the deleted ring. Condensation of acetone with ammonia affords the piperidone, 17. Isophorone (15) may well be an intermediate in this process conjugate addition of ammonia would then give the aminoketone, 16. Further aldol reaction followed by ammonolysis would afford the observed product. Hydrogenation of the piperidone (18) followed then by reaction with benzoyl chloride gives the ester, 19. Ethanolysis of the nitrile (20) affords alpha-eucaine (21), an effective, albeit somewhat toxic, local anesthetic. 

Irritation Sensitization Acute systemic toxicity Subchronic toxicity Local tolerance... 

Tetracaine causes rapid surfece anesthesia, but even repeated applications to the conjiuictival surface may fail to achieve effective scleral anesthesia. Preparations of local anesthetics for topical use that include tetracaine should never be injected. Practitioners are cautioned to consider tetracaine a potent and potentially toxic local anesthetic. Dangerous overdoses may occur if it is administered in doses higher than 1.5 mg/kg of body weight. 

Local versus systemic toxicity Local effects refer to those that occur at the site of first contact between the biological system and the toxicant systemic effects are those that are elicited after... 

Reduction in total drug usage when compared with conventional therapy Reduction in drug accumulation with chronic therapy Reduction in drug toxicity (local/systemic)... 

Human Toxicity Local application of the more coned... 

Toxicity Local itching and burning sensations are common. Mupirocin may also cause rash, erythema, and contact dermatitis. 

As active, and 6X as toxic as Eupaverine Activity 2X papaverine, toxic Local anesthetic, not mydriatic... 

Properties Pale yel. liq. sol. in ether sol. > 10 mg/ml in 95% ethanol si. sol. in DMSO insol. in water m.w. 268.27 m.p. 84-86 C b.p. 135 C Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 339 mg/kg toxic local irritant photosensitive neurotoxic effects penetrates human skin and is only slowly excreted target organ nerves TSCA listed... 

Evaluate for toxicity due to intravascular placement symptoms such as lightheadedness, dizziness, a metallic taste, ringing in the ears, or perioral numbness signify potential intravascular injection and risk for toxicity. Local anesthetic toxicity can also cause late symptoms such as hypotension, blurry vision, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Stay with the patient for the first 10 minutes after a test dose or bolus. 

Determining anticipated route and magnitude of exposure is an important component in the overall assessment of safety and must be done on a nanomaterial-by-nanomaterial basis, with secondary exposures taken into consideration when necessary. The estimated exposure levels for a nanomaterial may then be compared with the calculated safe dose derived from the hazard identification evaluation. The procedures and factors considered in the exposure assessment process are not expected to be any different for nanomaterials than for larger particles or chemicals. The degree of hazard associated with exposure to any chemical or substance, regardless of its physicochemical characteristics, depends on several factors, including its toxicity, dose-response curve, concentration, route of exposure, duration and/or frequency of exposure. However, depending on the route of anticipated exposure (dermal, inhalation, oral) and types of associated toxicities (local or systemic), a chemical may not pose any risk of adverse effects if there is no... 

Hasspieler, B.M., J.T. Arnason, and A.E.R. Downe. Toxicity, Localization and Elimination of the Phototoxin, Alpha-Terthienyl, in Mosquito Larvae. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4, 479 (1988). 

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