Acceptable daily intake value

The acceptable daily dose of a toxicant (in mg/(kg x day)), D-j, relative to chronic human health effects, is central to PPLV calculations. Table II lists seven sources of information from which D.j values may be drawn. From this, it is seen that, if there is available an ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) value originating with the World Health Organization (7), then that figure should be used as Qj. 

The use of the terms upper bound and worst-case refer to the expectations that this approach is likely to be highly conservative and will not underestimate potential risk. These terms are not meant to connote that statistical analysis to estimate error bounds would be performed, or that additional safety factors (traditional for extrapolation to acceptable daily intake values for non-carcinogens) would be incorporated into the extrapolation. 

Since the cancer potency and/or acceptable daily intake values are characteristics of the agent, they do not vary from situation to situation. Exposure, however, does. Exposure assessments provide an estimate of the dose to which individuals may be exposed via all possible routes in a specific circumstance. The result of the exposure assessment is usually expressed as a single number for example, the average daily dose. However, since no two individuals are likely to have the same exposure it may also be expressed as a distribution. This distribution provides estimates of the exposures of particular segments of the population for example, the top 95% of exposed individuals. 

In the present study we estimated whether the intake of dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminated breast milk presents a potential risk to the health of the nursing infants in these populations. This was performed using "virtually safe" or "acceptable daily intake" values which various governmental agencies in the United States currently employ in their risk assessments for these compounds. 

The content of nitrates in food is regulated in the EU and also in many other countries. Limits for their content in foods in the EU are shown in Table 6.16. At typical concentrations, nitrates are relatively non-toxic for adults because they are relatively rapidly excreted in the urine. The ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) value, which quantifies the daily amount of nitrates in food that a person can ingest over a lifetime without a health risk, is 3.7 mg/kg body... 

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) An estimate similar in concept to the RfD, but derived using a less strictly defined methodology. RfDs have replaced ADIs as the USEPA s (Agency) preferred values for use in evaluating potential noiicarcinogenic health effects resulting from exposure to a chemical. 

The quantitative measurement of toxicity level is expressed by parameters like NOEL (no observed effect level), NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level), and ADI (acceptable daily intake). The NOEL values are divided by 100 to obtain ADI values. The 100 safety factor derives from 10 x 10, where the 10s represent the animal-to-human conversion rate and the human variability factor. Currently, the most useful index of safety is the ADI, expressed as milligrams of test substance per kilogram of body weight (ppm), with the recommendation not to eat more than the ADI per day. The FDA, EU, and WHO agree on the ADI principle. 

AOELinhaiative Can be substituted by the AOELsystemic In the case that neither acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL) values are available, the proposed or established acceptable daily intake (ADI) value can be considered. 

Data on the safety studies were submitted to international agencies like the Joint Expert Committee for Food Additives of the WHO and FAO (JECFA), and the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) of the EC. Both committees endorsed acesulfame K as a food additive. Initial acceptance was based on an NOEL of 900mg/kg in dogs which were considered to be the most sensitive species. Therefore Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values of 0-9 mg/kg of body weight were allocated.8 9 Evidence that rats would be an appropriate model for risk assessment was the reason for JECFA to change the ADI to 0-15 mg/kg of body weight on the basis of a no-effect level of 1500-3000 mg/kg in rats.10 Countries allocating their own ADI values like the USA and Canada have come to the same conclusion. The SCF still retains its 0-9 mg/kg ADI.11... 

Appendix 2 Acceptable daily intake (ADI) values and references by additive category... 

SCF ADI Acceptable Daily Intake allocated by the Scientific Committee on Food, formerly known as the Scientific Committee for Food. (The SCF has often considered and then adopted JECFA ADI values.) Numbers in this column are the numerical ADI in mg per kg body weight, (mg/kg b.w.) expressed as 0—X, because 0 mg/kg b.w. is also acceptable NS = Not specified. This implies that the no-effect level and conditions of use have been assessed to be such as to cause no toxicological concern. It does not mean that no ADI could be allocated, because of, for instance, lack of submitted evidence. 

Renwick, A.G. 1995. The use of an additional safety or uncertainty factor for nature of toxicity in the estimation of acceptable daily intake and tolerable daily intake values. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 27 3-20. 

For food additives, this is normally the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The ADI is the amount of chemical to which a person can be exposed for a lifetime without suffering harmful effects. The determination of these intake values requires the use of a safety or uncertainty factor. 

Toxic chemical intake must be quantified in order that comparisons between different chemicals (e.g. pesticides), diets and countries can be made. Most countries in the developed world conduct surveys which involve analysing food for pesticide residues. These values are then put in context by comparing them to benchmarks of toxicity (Acceptable Daily Intake - ADI) or with trading standards (Maximum Residue Level -MRL) which are set to ensure that countries exporting food do not export excessive pesticide residues with that food. 

ADI Acceptable Daily Intake the amount of a specific food additive or contaminant (e.g., pesticide) thought to be the maximum level that should be consumed on a daily basis. ADI values are normally determined by experts of WHO and FAO Codex Alimentarius Committee. 

---