Diversity genetic

Biological systems produce an extremely wide variety of natural products. This ecological and genetic diversity offers researchers a vast index of compounds to search for innovative weed management agents. 

Damage any reduction in the intended use or value of a biological or physical resource. For example, economic production, ecological structure or function, aesthetic value, or biological or genetic diversity that may be altered by a pollutant. 

Wright GD (2007) The antibiotic resistosome the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 5 175-186... 

Evanno G, Castella E, Antoine C et al (2009) Parallel changes in genetic diversity and species diversity following a natural disturbance. Mol Ecol 18 1137-1144... 

Harris, D.S., Schapaugh, W.T. Kanemasu, E.T. (1984). Genetic diversity in soybeans for leaf canopy temperature and the association of leaf canopy temperature and yield. Crop Science, 24, 839-42. 

Aitken, K., Botero, J., Zwart, R., and Teasdale, R. 1998. Detection of genetic diversity using RAPD markers in the genus Melaleuca. Acta Hort. (ISHS). 461 209-218. 

Butcher, P. A., Bell, J. C. and Moran, G. E. 1992. Patterns of genetic diversity and nature of the breeding system in Melaleuca altemifolia (Myrtaceae). Australian J. Bot. 40 365-375. 

Vieira, R. F., Grayer, R. J., Paton, A. and Simon, J. E. 2001. Genetic diversity of Ocimum gra-tissimum L. based on volatile oil components, flavonoids and RAPD markers. Biochem. Syst Ecol. 29 287-304. 

Thus, to explore the mechanisms of action of phytochemicals and their role in health promotion, an understanding of the factors that constrain their release from the foods in which they are contained, their extent of absorption and their fate in genetically diverse individuals is crucial. 

The determination of an acceptable dose for humans involves the application of uncertainty factors to reflect the fact that, unlike the experimental animal, there is wide variability and susceptibility of response in the genetically diverse human population. Variations in gender, age, hormonal and disease status can affect the response to a chemical. In order to minimise any potential risks, uncertainty factors are applied to the NOAEL to arrive at a reduced exposure that is considered tolerable - namely the acceptable daily intake or ADI. These are usually tenfold for variations in susceptibility amongst the human population (the intra-species factor) and tenfold for the potential... 

Song B, BB Ward (2005) Genetic diversity of benzoyl coenzyme A reductase genes detected in denitrifying isolates and estuarine sediment communities. A/ / / Environ Microbiol 71 2036-2045. 

Boon N, J Goris, P de Vos, W Verstraete, EM Top (2001) Genetic diversity among 3-chloroaniline- and anilinedegrading strains of Comomonadaceae. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 1107-1115. 

Lysen, M., Thorhagen, M., Brytting, M., Hjertqvist, M., Andersson, Y., and Hedlund, K. O. (2009). Genetic diversity among food-borne and waterborne norovirus strains causing outbreaks in Sweden. /. Clin. Microbiol. 47, 2411-2418. 

Despite their impressive genetic diversity, all mycorrhizal fungi complete their life cycle in close association with the roots through the establishment of a symbiosis ensuring a continuous flow of nutrients. They are divided into two main categories (Table 1) endomycorrhizae (arbuscular, ericoid, and orchid mycorrhi-zae) and ectomycorrhizae. 

R. Sanders, J. P. Clapp, and A. Wiemken, The genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural ecosystems—a key to understanding the ecology and functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol. /ii 123 (1996). 

R. Sanders, M. Alt, K, Groppe, T. Boiler, and A. Wiemken, Identification of ribosomal DNA polymorphisms among and within spores of the Glomules application to studies on the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytol. /30 419 (1995). 

D. Paffetti, C. Scotti, S. Gnocchi, S. Fancelli, and M. Bazzicalupo, Genetic diversity of an italian Rhizobium meliloti population from different Medicago sativa varieties. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 2279-2285 (1996). 

RFLPs are often a reflection of individual genetic diversity and are not related to a clinical phenotype, but occasionally they can be diagnostic of an inherited disease. This technique is relatively new yet, it has been applied to the prenatal detection of sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, phenylketonuria, a,-antitrypsin deficiency, Huntington s chorea, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia A and B, cystic fibrosis, and several other, diseases. 

Blaser MJ, Berg DE. Helicobacter pylori genetic diversity and risk of human disease. J Clin Invest 2001 107[7] 767-773. 

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