Culture application

Plant tissue and protoplast culture applications to stress physiology and biochemistry... 

As indicated in Table 2.1, most of the promoters used in plant tissue culture have been based on the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. In contrast, inducible promoters have the advantage of allowing foreign proteins to be expressed at a time that is most conducive to protein accumulation and stability. Although a considerable number of inducible promoters has been developed and used in plant culture applications, e.g. [32-37], the only one to be applied thus far for the production of biopharmaceutical proteins is the rice a-amylase promoter. This promoter controls the production of an a-amylase isozyme that is one of the most abundant proteins secreted from cultured rice cells after sucrose starvation. The rice a-amylase promoter has been used for expression of hGM-CSF [10], aranti-trypsin [12, 29, 38, 39] and human lysozyme [30]. 

Several different bioreactor configurations have been described for use in cell culture and fermentation applications. These include stirred tanks, airlift, and hoUow-fiber systems. The majority of bioreactor systems in use for cell culture applications are still of the stirred-tank type. These systems have been used for batch, fed-batch, and perfusion operations. It would not be possible to adequately cover the field of stirred-tank scale-up in the space available here. Instead, this section will touch briefly on the important issues in bioreactor scale-up. For detailed methodologies on stirred-tank bioreactor scale-up, the reader is referred to several review papers on the topic [20,27,28]. 

K.M. Raley-Susman, K.R. Miller, J.C. Owicki and R.M. Sapolsky, Effects of excitotoxin exposure on metabolic rate of primary hippocampal cultures application of silicon microphysiometry to neurobiology, J. Neurosci., 12(3) (1992) 773-780. 

Gangliosides assayed were eluted from the plate shown in Figure 3, diluted, and the amount derived from 0.1 g of brain was added to the PFC assay cultures. Values are the mean standard error of five cultures. Application of the Student t test to the standard errors for the samples gave p values less than 0.05 when compared with the Thy-l-active fraction. Positive control for the anti-Thy-1.2 PFC assay was a column GM1 fraction containing Thy-l glycolipid (15). 

This study was conducted to meet three aims to empirically assess and further develop the conceptual ideas of the travel career pattern approach, to further explicate the concept of travel career and establish methods for its measurement and finally, to investigate the cross-cultural applicability of a travel career pattern conceptual scheme through the use of a Korean sample. 

The similarity between these outcomes and those from the first study, which was conducted in a Western cultural context, suggests a potential cross-cultural applicability of TCP theory. The common and notable findings of both studies are that the identified 14 motivation factors were very similar in terms of number of factors, appropriate labels, and the associated items in each factor. Furthermore, for both high and low travel career levels, novelty, escape/relax, and kinship were the most important travel motivations, while social status and isolation were the least important ones. 

Welle, A., Gottwald, E., UV-Based patterning of polymeric substrates for cell culture applications. Biomed. Microdevices 2002, 4(1), 33-41. 

Laminar flow cabinets serve two purposes to protect the samples and to protect the worker and the environment. For most tissue culture applications sample protection is sufficient, but increasingly often we are becoming aware of hazards associated with biological samples and the cabinet to choose combines both aspects of protection. Such are the vertical laminar flow cabinets available, for example, from Flow Laboratories (Gelaire) or M.D.H. (Appendix 3). 

Clearly the practical application of animal cell culture has to be underpinned by well-developed laboratory protocols. There are a significant number of cell culture procedures that are used across the broad range of ceU culture applications in both academic and industrial laboratories and frequently there are several methods that can be used to solve a given problem. 

Fujita Y (1990) The production of industrial compounds. In Bhojwani SS (ed) Plant tissue culture applications and limitations. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 259-275 Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1986) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50 151-158 Goldmann A, Milat M-L, Ducrot P-H, Lallemand J-Y, Maille M, Lepingle A, Charpin I, Tepfer D (1990) Tropane derivatives from Calystegia sepium. Phytochemistry 29 2125-2127... 

Plieva, F. M., Galaev, I. Y, and Mattiasson, B. Macroporous gels prepared at subzero temperatures as novel materials for chromatography of particulate-containing fluids and cell culture applications. J Sep Sci, 30,1657-1671 (2007). 

The situation is different when simulating the dynamics of the uptake of the carbon and energy source. Here, there is a high risk of failure if the dynamic behavior is predicted with Monod kinetics verified at different snapshot steady states in continuous or fed batch cultures. Application of these kinetics is questionable, because the steady state data of substrate uptake at different dilution rates may be corrupted by induction of different transporter systems depending on the steady state substrate concentrations. In addition to the variability of the affinity of the various transporter systems as clearly demonstrated for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we do expect pronounced differences between permeases and phospho-transferase systems because of the clear distinctions in the influence of intracellular metabolites upon the uptake dynamics. 

In certain pharmaceutical and animal ceU culture applications that require addition and removal of small molecular weight products simultaneously while retaining high molecular weight solutes, sterile dialysis membrane modules have possible apphcations. 

In practical cell culture applications, fluid flow methods of estimating cell adhesion have been most useful. In particular, the radial flow chamber shown in Fig. 12.14 was developed to study both deposition and removal of cells at surfaces. The apparatus has been used to measure adhesion of many cell types to different surfaces, including diatoms and pseudomonas fluorescens. ... 

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