Rice cultures

GibberelHc acid is also used successfliUy in rice culture to promote seed germination and the growth of semidwarf varieties. The treated seed can be planted deeper than normal. In addition, the sprouting seedlings are much taller than the untreated ones they compete weU against weeds. The material is sold under the trade name Release. 

Deuel, L.E., Jr., J.D. Price, F.T. Turner, and K.W. Brown. 1979. Persistence of carbofuran and its metabolites, 3-keto and 3-hydroxy carbofuran, under flooded rice culture. Jour Environ. Qual. 8 23-26. 

Molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-azepine-l-carbothioate) has been widely used for broadleaf and grass weed control in rice culture. The 96-hour LC50 of technical molinate in the common goldfish is 30 ppm (1) and the medium tolerance limits (LTm) for molinate in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) are 16.4 ppm for 96 hours (J2). Kawatsu (3) estimated the 20-day lethal concentration of molinate in Japanese carp (Cyprinus carpio) var. Yamato koi at 0.18 ppm. However, there was no toxic effect of molinate on American carp at concentrations of 10 ppm during a two-week observation (40. ... 

Willett IR. 1979. The effects of flooding for rice culture on soil chemical properties and subsequent maize growth. Plant and Soil 52 373-383. 

Conservation agroecosystems developed in the Great Plains of the U.S. to control soil erosion are characterized by the presence of varying quantities of plant residues on the soil surface. This residue mulch protects the soil from the erosive forces of wind and water, resulting in improved stream water quality and soil conservation. Conservation tillage systems also help maintain soil productivity and reduce energy requirements of crop production (15). However, crop yield reduction has been observed with conservation wheat production in some areas of the U.S. (16-18) and with rice culture in the Far East (, 20). 

FI Meredith, CW Bacon, WP Norred, RD Plattner. Isolation and purification of fumonisin B, and B2 from rice culture. In LS Jackson, JW DeVries, LB Bullerman, eds. Fumonisins in Food. New York Plenum Press, pp 113-122, 1996. 

Deuel, L.E., Turner, F.T., Brown, K.W., Price, J.D. (1978) Persistence and factors affecting dissipation of molinate under flooded rice culture. J. Environ. Quality 7, 373. 

Retro-Hantzsch, mechanism of, 84, 85, 102 Rhodanine, alkylation of, 419 ambident reactivity of. 419 reaction with aryldiazonium salts, 419 reaction with halogenothiazoles, 79 Rice cultures, 135, 136, 137 Ring-chain tautomerism, 113 Ring opening, of A-2-thiazoline-5-one, 433 Ring transformation, 5 amino-A-4-thiazo-line-2-thione to 4-mercapto-imidazoline-2-thione, 399 5,5-diphenyl-2,4-thiazolidinedithione, to 4,5-diphenyl-A-4-thiazoline-2-thione, 37 3... 

Potassium azide (2-6% KN3) dissolved in anhydrous ammonia was effective in lowering the rate of nitrification in tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in cooperation with agricultural experiment stations in the states of Louisiana and Washington. PPG Industries, Inc., is exploring this and other agricultural uses (e.g. as a herbicide in rice culture) for the azide. 

K. Gopalakrishna Pillai, D. B. B. Chaudary, K. Krishnamurty Bio-Fertilizers in Rice Culture - Problems and Prospects for Large Scale Adaptation , Fert. News 25 (1980) 40 - 45. 

Use Postemergence herbicide, especially for rice culture nematocide. 

Wang, J. J., Lee, C. L., and Pan, T. M. 2004. Modified mutation method for screening low citrinin-producing strains of Monascus purpureus on rice culture. /. Agric. Food Chem. 52(23), 6977-6982. 

JM47 (110), from brown rice cultures of a marine fungus identified as a Fusarium species isolated from the marine algae Codium fragile. The structure of the cyclic tetrapeptide was characterized using both HSQC and HMBC data. The molecule contains one... 

Immunochemical methods are rapidly gaining acceptance as analytical techniques for pesticide residue analysis. Unlike most quantitative methods for measuring pesticides, they are simple, rapid, precise, cost effective, and adaptable to laboratory or field situations. The technique centers around the development of an antibody for the pesticide or environmental contaminant of interest. The work hinges on the synthesis of a hapten which contains the functional groups necessary for recognition by the antibody. Once this aspect is complete, immunochemical detection methods may take many forms. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one form that has been found useful in residue applications. This technique will be illustrated by examples from this laboratory, particularly molinate, a thiocarbamate herbicide used in rice culture. Immunoassay development will be traced from hapten synthesis to validation and field testing of the final assay. 

Owing to the environmental dangers of mercury, its use in pesticides has been limited. In Japan, organic mercury compounds used in fungicides in rice culture were replaced by phosphoric acid esters in 1968. However, the quantity of mercury used in agriculture is responsible for only a small part of the mercury polluting the environment, and the overall problem of environmental pollution by mercury is not yet solved. 

SOO tons of validamycin A antibiotic preparations were used in rice cultures. 

Molinate is a selective pre- and postemergence soil herbicide mainly for the control of grass weeds and particularly for Echinocloa spp. (Smith and Fox, 1965). It is applied either before planting to water-seeded or shallow soil-seeded rice, or post flood on other types of rice culture. Applied at its recommended rate of 2-4 kg active ingredient/ha, its action lasts over the whole crop period (Swain, 1974). 

Phosphate apparently precipitates as Fe(III) and A1 phosphates during the dry part of the rice culture cycle. Under subsequent reducing conditions, the Fe(III) phosphate is reduced to more soluble Fe(II) phosphate. This reduction can account for the rather high availability of phosphate for centuries in paddy soils. The Fe(III) phosphate may be slightly more stable than AI phosphate so the Al phosphate that precipitates initially slowly transforms to Fe(UI) phosphate. Similar aerobic soils often supply inadequate phosphate to plants because Fe(III) phosphate remains insoluble. 

In coastal areas that receive seawater containing large amounts of sulfate, the reduction of sulfate to sulfide provides a few species of true anaerobes with a respiratory system that can support considerable oxidative activity. In noncultivated coastal marshes where most of the active iron is in the reduced form, it has been estimated that much of the respiratory activity is due to sulfate. In these areas the soil often stays wet most of the year preventing the iron from oxidizing to the ferric form, while sulfate is continuously supplied from the sea. In inland areas where rice culture is more important the limited amount of sulfate in the soil does not support significant anaerobic respiration. 

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