Conceptual scheme

Figure 8.2.2 Conceptual scheme for a tray-type adiabatic reactor.

This section introduces the basic mathematics of linear vector spaces as an alternative conceptual scheme for quantum-mechanical wave functions. The concept of vector spaces was developed before quantum mechanics, but Dirac applied it to wave functions and introduced a particularly useful and widely accepted notation. Much of the literature on quantum mechanics uses Dirac s ideas and notation. 

Figure 7.43 General conceptual scheme to obtain a 2D correlation spectrum by inducing selective time-dependent spectral variations with an external perturbation (mechanical, electrical, chemical, magnetic, optical, thermal, etc.). After Noda [1006]. From I. Noda, Applied Spectroscopy, 44, 550-561 (1990). Reproduced by permission of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy...

Culture, as a creature of history, destabilizes race by layering different conceptual schemes atop one another in response to shifting social and political circumstances. The palimpsest of race maps the terrain of ascription, perception, and subjectivity for a number of immigrant groups whose American experience has scarcely been recounted as a racial experience at all. 

On the other hand, in recent years the foundations of stereochemistry have been clarified and adequate terms and descriptors have been introduced on the basis of consistent general conceptual schemes. However, outdated and inadequate terms (see antipodes) have tended to survive. Thus, the number of terms has vastly increased and there is a necessity to purify the available vocabulary. 

Can this be a fitting model Is this conceptual scheme acceptable in the cases of English or Swedish research subjects, who can access a universal system of healthcare and who voluntarily enter a research program In the situation of "therapeutic research," the proposal seems fair (the conclusion of this analysis will be different in the case of non-therapeutic research. In this second case, there seems to be more similarities to contractors). However, even in this case, consider the dependence of the illness or condition of the research subjects on the research product, that is, the number of therapeutic options on which to decide. If they have an ample supply of therapies, they are in a better position to choose than if they have no therapeutic alternative whatsoever. They may have the "best proven care" or they may try a new, possibly better, therapy. They can calculate risks and benefits and then decide. This might represent this position if we do not consider, amongst other variables, the severity of certain fatal illnesses and the stressful situation an ill person may be experiencing. 

Ferry, J.D. An example of a rheological conceptual scheme. In Onogi,S. (Ed.) Proc. 5th Internat. Cong, of Rheology, Vol. 1, pp. 3-21. Maryland University Park Press 1970. 

The prototype reactions for synthesis of pyrrole, indole and carbazole by processes involving electrophilic nitrogen are outlined in Scheme 3 with a nitrene as the electrophilic form of nitrogen. This conceptual scheme must be generalized to include nitrenoids and nitrene equivalents to accomodate the range of cyclizations which can proceed by this mechanism. In practice, this mechanistic pattern is rare for pyrroles, known but only of moderate utility for indoles, and among the most efficient methods for the synthesis of carbazoles. 

Fig. 30.12. Conceptual scheme of the FIA electronic tongue for the simultaneous determination of nitrate and chloride.

Fig. 30.15. Conceptual scheme of an electronic tongue employing the dynamic component of the FIA/SIA signal.

First, as psychology deals more and more with the phenomena of altered states of consciousness, it will more and more have to deal with phenomena that do not fit well in a conceptual scheme that says awareness is only a product of the brain. Experiences of apparently paranormal abilities like telepathy, of feeling that one s mind leaves one s body, of mystical union with aspects of the universe outside oneself, of supernormal knowledge directly given in altererd states, fit more comfortably into schemes that do not assume that awareness is only a function of the brain. I have nothing against competent attempts to fit such phenomena into our dominant western scientific framework, but the attempts I have seen so far have been most inadequate and seem to work mainly by ignoring major aspects of these altered states phenomena. Thus the assumption that awareness is only a function of the brain, especially as it becomes implicit, tends to distort our view of real phenomena that happen in altered states, we dismiss their possible... 

SI is the term given to cases of insomnia that appear to be secondary to other distressful conditions or secondary to substance use. Secondary in this context means that another condition causes and maintains the insomnia. Insomnia cases where no causal link exists, but where insomnia and another condition co-occur yet function independently, are referred to as co-morbid . If an insomnia state is clearly secondary to another condition, then presumably, the insomnia will subside if the primary condition is successfully treated, but data to support this SI conceptual scheme are scarce, calling into question the concept of causal influence in supposed SI. 

Figure 2.1. Conceptual scheme showing how the nature-society system functions.

Figure 3.3. Conceptual scheme for the Earth s climate system.

CONCEPTUAL SCHEME FOR A MODEL OF THE GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CARBON CYCLE... 

Conceptual scheme for a model of the global biogeochemical carbon cycle 161... 

Numerical models of the global nitrogen cycle 4.4.2.1 Conceptual schemes of the nitrogen cycle in nature... 

Figure 6.1. Conceptual scheme of environment monitoring for northern latitudes. It reflects the correlations between spatial scales and the problems facing studies attempting to understand the functioning of the Arctic.

Fig. 2 Conceptual scheme for the design of a total sensing system.

The purpose of the Entity-Relationship model is to allow the description of the conceptual scheme. It is normal to turn it into a practical relational model upon which the real database is built. There exists a vast amount of knowledge and a rich literature explaining how to optimize this process, with respect to various types of constraints (speed, memory consumption, table sizes, number of indices, etc.). We invite the interested reader to see [21], [22], for instance, for more on this topic. 

A//,i0(CH3OH) is the ab initio atomization energy of methanol, the energy difference between the atoms and methanol. There are a couple points to note about this conceptual scheme. We are converting into carbon atoms graphite, a polymeric material, so strictly speaking Fig. 5.26 should show n C(graphite) —> n C(3P),... 

This volume tackles in a fresh way many of the core topics in tourist behaviour. While it is no way a second edition to one of the author s earliest books - The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour, Oxford Pergamon, 1982 - it does follow in part the structure of that volume, and covers parallel territory. The benefit of nearly 25 years of research, and the changing face of tourism and global travel are reflected in many ways in the present work. There are now a variety of promising schemes and mini theories, conceptual schemes as they will be referred to in this book, which help illuminate long standing tourist behaviour topics. 

A final and definitive extension of the present work beyond the personal perspective is the planned and systematic use of conceptual schemes and mini-theories to explain and interpret the topics pursued. 

The subtitle of this book employs the expression conceptual schemes. The expression stresses the value of using some level of abstraction and academic organisation to understand tourist behaviour. For the purposes of this book the term conceptual schemes refers to the use of well-defined and interconnected concepts as summary and explanatory tools in elucidating how tourist behaviour arises and functions. Conceptual schemes go beyond both description and mere re-statements or re-labelling of the observed world. They are not, however, fully functioning theories (Blalock, 1969 Greene, 1994). 

One important distinction between conceptual schemes and theories lies in the greater formality and organisation of a theory. The component parts of a theory include axioms or assumptions, proposed linked concepts (i.e. conceptual schemes) and propositions that formally interrelate two or more concepts at a time (Baron Byrne, 1997 Gross, 2001). In this sense conceptual schemes are partial or pre-theories, they tend not to be cast as predictive sets of propositions for further testing, especially statistical testing, but they could be used to develop theory. 

Conceptual schemes are more abstract and organised than empirical generalisations. Even a lengthy list of what is known about a specific topic does not constitute a conceptual scheme. The format in which conceptual schemes can be expressed is variable. They may simply be verbal statements specifying relationships. They can include typologies and taxonomies that are either categorical or ordinal systems. They may also be models that are non-semantic devices to portray relationships amongst factors and variables (Pors, 2000). 

Models are a particularly important subcategory of conceptual schemes since diagrammatic and spatially-portrayed links between variables and forces tend to have considerable power as a mechanism for the communication of ideas (Blalock, 1969). In addition, conceptual schemes can include stage or sequence approaches that define steps in an ordered process. 

The fact that the author selects and employs the concept of conceptual schemes in this volume, may lead readers to deduce that the author believes there are few true theories of tourist behaviour. Such a deduction is correct. It is not, however, a corollary of this view that the lack of theory makes the study of tourist behaviour less interesting, less sophisticated or less useful. Nor should researchers approach the study of tourist behaviour with less confidence because the theoretical garden has not been well cultivated. A brief detour into the analysis of scientific knowledge and the nature of disciplines, including tourism as an emerging topic of study is necessary to justify such confidence. 

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