Cost estimates for

Thus, if film transfer coefficients vary significantly, then Eq. (7.6) does not predict the true minimum network area. The true minimum area must be predicted using linear programming. However, Eq. (7.6) is still a useful basis to calculate the network area for the purposes of capital cost estimation for the following reasons ... 

E. A. Peters, P. W. Johnson, Cost Estimates for Producing Mlumina from Domestic Raw Materials, Information Circular 8648, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., 1974. 

Hydroformylation catalyzed by rhodium triphenylphospine results in only the 9 and 10 isomers in approximately equal amounts (79). A study of recycling the rhodium catalyst and a cost estimate for a batch process have been made (81). 

Miscellaneous Direct Costs Estimates for the cost of maintenance and repairs, operating supplies, royalties, and patents are best based on company records for similar processes. A rough average value for the annual cost of maintenance is 6 percent of the capital cost of the plant. This percentage can vaiy from 2 to 10 percent, depending on the severity of plant operation. Approximately half of the maintenance costs are for materials and half for labor. Royalty and patents costs are in the order of 1 to 5 percent of the sales price of the product. 

Indirect Manufacturing Costs Estimates for the cost of payroh overhead, control laboratoiy, general plant overhead, packaging, and storage facilities are best based on company records for similar processes. 

Adapted from A. Pikiilik and H. E. Diaz, Cost Estimating for Major Process Equipment. Chem. Eng., 84, 106-122 (Oct. 10, 1977). 

Land. At this point, it should be possible to determine how much land will be required. Do not forget to include things like holding ponds, environmental buffer area, camp facilities, and rights of way or easements. It may be well to allow some contingency in initial cost estimates for land requirement increases, as more definitive design information becomes available. 

Cooling Water System. A list of cooling duties will be available at this point so the cost estimate for this system can be factored or estimated based on a similar operating system. For a more definitive estimate based on initial or detailed layout, it is probably best to use a contractor or consultant skilled in these designs. If a cooling tower is involved, the groundwork will already have been set. This basis can be passed along on specification sheets provided in the Appendix to a vendor for quotes. 

Flare Systems. There is a good chance that the operating company will not have anyone experienced in flare system design. For feasibility cost estimates, rough estimates can be made by comparison with existing plants or a vendor can be contacted for budget cost estimates for the flare stacks and associated knockout drum, burner tip, igniter, and molecular seal. 

Utilities are very expensive and highly variable from plant to plant. Great care must be exercised to get the proper steam and electrical loads, not only in the process areas, but also in the offsite areas to make sure the cost estimate for the utilities is complete. 

A key aspect in most cost estimation studies is the evalutUion of the cost of individual pieces of equipment. In addition to quotations from equipment manufacturers, there are several methods for developing cost estimates. For a typical conceptual design, it is normally acceptable to develop an order of magnitude or preliminary estimate whose accuracy is within -h/— 25 to 50%. The following methods may be employed to develop order of magnitude estimates ... 

Water quality must be studied as well as quantity. Chemical and bacteriological examination will indicate the extent of treatment required and will aid in the development of water cost estimates for comparison with other locations. The possible contamination of the water source by other industries in the area should be anticipated. Note that "contamination" may consist of raising the temperature of the water to a level that renders its use as a cooling medium impossible. 

The following are capital and operating cost estimates for the process ... 

This paper discusses packaging derived fuel (PDF), and aims to provide indications of possibilities for cocombustion of PDF in several European countries. National energy profiles are reviewed in order to evaluate the amount of solid fuel used, then the sourcing and preparation of PDF is evaluated and the cost estimated. The paper then discusses the relevant available combustion technologies, including cost estimates for retrofit. Finally, the market potential for PDF is indicated. 4 refs. 

Finally, Kimura (2002) estimated the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Japan and estimated the inpatient and outpatient costs of beating HIV-infected adults. He calculated costs of US 17,858 to US 21,431 p.a. for outpatients, whereas 83% were due to antiretrovirals. The cost estimates for inpatients with Aids varies strongly. Inpatients with a CD4+ count from 200-499 had costs of US 37,007 p.a., inpatients with a CD4- - count between 50 and 199 had costs of US 76,197 p.a., and inpatients with a CD4+ count of less then 50 had average cost of US 170,155 p.a. 

Comparisons between Enropean stndies are also difficult. Tolley and Gyldmark (1993) reviewed costs of treatment, care, and support for HIV-positive and AIDS patients in eleven Enropean conntries, which were based on data from the second half of the eighties. The anthors inflated cost fignres to 1990 prices and converted them from local currency to US by using national healthcare-specific price indices and health-specific purchasing power parities. The standardized cost estimates ranged between US 1,700 (social care per HIV-positive) and US 28,200 (hospital care per AIDS person-year), with the exception of a Greek study, which produced an adjusted cost estimate for the hospital treatment and care of AIDS patients of US 70,400 per person-year. 

Capital cost estimates for chemical process plants are often based on an estimate of the purchase cost of the major equipment items required for the process, the other costs being estimated as factors of the equipment cost. The accuracy of this type of estimate will depend on what stage the design has reached at the time the estimate is made, and on the reliability of the data available on equipment costs. In the later stages of the project design, when detailed equipment specifications are available and firm quotations have been obtained, an accurate estimation of the capital cost of the project can be made. 

The in situ biological treatment technique for organic contaminants is fully discussed in the Chapter 17. An example of a cost estimate for bioremediation is shown in Table 16.5. The data is based on a U.S. EPA study15 of a project performed by Biocraft Laboratories, Waldwick, New Jersey. 

It should be noted that a resequence or repipe does not involve zero capital cost, even though no new heat exchanger equipment might be purchased. The pipework modifications for a resequence or repipe might be very expensive. Also, equipment might need to be relocated. Methods for capital cost estimation for retrofit were discussed in Chapter 2. 

The initial goal of the preliminary process study is to obtain an economic evaluation of the process, with the minimum expenditure of time and money. During this stage, all information necessary to obtain a reasonably accurate cost estimate for building and operating the plant is determined. It is expected that these costs will be within 10% of the actual costs. 

CASE STUDY CAPITAL COST ESTIMATION FOR A 150,000,000 LB/YR POLYSTYRENE PLANT USING THE SUSPENSION PROCESS... 

The projected size of the installation is also encouraging Based upon cost estimates for MCFC facilities, including ancillary equipment, this installation is estimated at 5.1 MM, or about 10/kW (installed). This also compares favorably with present treatment techniques, which range from 100 to 250/kW. 

Ibsen, K., Equipment design and cost estimation for small modular biomass systems, synthesis gas cleanup, and oxygen separation equipment, Contract Report NREL/SR-510-39943, NREL Technical Monitor, Section 2, May 2006. 

Simbeck, D. and Chang, E., Hydrogen supply, cost estimate for hydrogen pathways—scoping analysis, USDOE NREL/SR-540-32525, July 2002. 

Capital cost estimates for a new 285 MWe (net) greenfield IGCC plant incorporating lessons learned, technology improvements, and a heat rate of 8526 Btu/kWh are l,318/kW (2000 ) for a coal-fueled unit and 1,260 (2000 ) for a petroleum coke-fueled unit. 

Process parameters used in cost estimation for typical process equipment... 

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