PACKAGING DERIVED FUEL

This paper discusses packaging derived fuel (PDF), and aims to provide indications of possibilities for cocombustion of PDF in several European countries. National energy profiles are reviewed in order to evaluate the amount of solid fuel used, then the sourcing and preparation of PDF is evaluated and the cost estimated. The paper then discusses the relevant available combustion technologies, including cost estimates for retrofit. Finally, the market potential for PDF is indicated. 4 refs. 

Research being carried out in Finland on the use of packaging derived fuels (PDF) is reported. Studies have assessed that refuse derived (RDF) and packaging derived fuels could save Europe 1 billion pounds sterling per year in non-renewable fossils fuels. Results are discussed of... 

Brussels, 1993,pp.ll. 12ins. 10/2/94. 6P-8(13)21 PACKAGING DERIVED FUEL (PDF) AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY. TECHNICAL PAPER... 

This reports on the results of a research proj ect evaluating the potential for refuse derived fuel and packaging derived... 

In adipose tissue, TAG is stored in the cytosol of the cells in a nearly anhydrous form. It serves as "depot fat," ready for mobilization when the body requires it for fuel. Little TAG is stored in the liver. Instead, most is exported, packaged with cholesteryl esters, cholesterol, phospholipid, and protein (apolipoprotein B-100, see p. 229) to form lipoprotein particles called very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Nascent VLDL are secreted into the blood where they mature and function to deliver the endogenously-derived lipids to the peripheral tissues. [Note Recall that chylomicrons deliver primarily dietary (exogenously-derived) lipids.] Plasma lipoproteins are discussed in Chapter 18, p. 225. 

Most commercial engine oils contain the antiwear agent zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDP). The effect of phosphorus derived from oil is of particular concern when the poison concentration in the fuel is very low. One should keep in mind that the ZDP additive contains within its own chemical formula a potential scavenger for phosphorus, i.e., zinc. Other potential scavengers which form stable phosphates, such as alkaline earth metals, are also present in the commercial oil additive package. ... 

A two-step global mechanism has been derived by de Soete [198] for the description of NO and N2 generation from fuel nitrogen. Parameters of the model were fitted to concentration profiles in flames. This model is widely used in post-processor packages of commercial CFD codes, although it works poorly under fuel-rich conditions. 

Early explosion tests with gas clouds were used to derive simple empirical correlations concerning flame extension or lifetime as a function of fuel mass released, e.g., WHAZAN, a software package of the World Bank [115]. Other approaches are subjected to a turbulent jet flame [74] or the dynamics of a rising and expanding fire ball or the impact by the heat radiation flux [31]. Common to all models is the fact that they are based on a more or less empirical approach with a contentious capability of predicting the consequences of an explosion. 

Rubbers are used mainly in the seals of packaging (i.e., for this, EPDM is used commonly, while nitrile polybutadiene rubber, and its derivates such as hydrogenated nitrile rubber and acrylates, fluoro-rubbers and silicones are all used for sealing oils and fuel containers, specifically). 

While producing plastics from recycled materials is estimated to use only 30% of the energy required to make plastic products from fossil fuels, the advantage of biopolymer derived packaging is a net zero production of additional atmospheric CO2 as well as other associated greenhouse gases, such as SOx, NOx and methane. In response to the negative environmental... 

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