Water costs

Cooling water costs tend to be low relative to the value of both fuel and electricity. The cost of cooling duty provided by cooling water is on the order of 1 percent that of the cost of power. For example, if power costs 0.07 kW h, then cooling water will typically cost 0.07 X 0.01/3600 = 0.19 x 10 kJ or 0.19 GJ L... 

The range of consumer prices for water in the developed countries in 1990 ranged from about 9.90 in Norway to 45.28 in Greece, per 28.3 m, or 0.35—1.60/m. In comparison, 1993 water costs from large desalination plants were in the 1.50—2.00/m range (25). 

Paradoxically, even rapid lowering of demand may cause rapid cost escalation this was the case in New Jersey during a 1981 drought when conservation caused substantial shrinking of demand and private water companies had to double their water prices. The continued increase of demand and reduction of supply portend real and relendess water-cost increases in every part of the United States in the future. One possible way to assure at least adequate suppHes, and possibly to moderate these cost increases, is through water reuse. 

Final vacuum versus water temperature, water cost, heat-transfer performance, and product quality. 

For argument sake, let s say that 4,500 of the 6,000 total cost is for lower energy and water costs over say a wet scrubber, and that 7,000 of the 10,000 in benefits is due to utility savings one could then use them to offset each other. Mathematically, then, both the numerator and denominator of the ratio could be reduced by 4,500 with the following effect ... 

Cooling water cost is reduced and total heat exchanger plus condenser surface may be reduced. 

Water quality must be studied as well as quantity. Chemical and bacteriological examination will indicate the extent of treatment required and will aid in the development of water cost estimates for comparison with other locations. The possible contamination of the water source by other industries in the area should be anticipated. Note that "contamination" may consist of raising the temperature of the water to a level that renders its use as a cooling medium impossible. 

For many years water costs have been rising faster than inflation, and are set to rise even faster in the future. The belief that water is free must be combated it is usually possible to make more economical use of water. In most factories the water bills are paid centrally, and there is no system for debiting the cost to the actual water users. This makes for wasteful practices which would be improved if there were a system for monitoring where the water costs are incurred within the facility. 

Check on power consumption, water usage, water costs. Carry out monthly inspection - inside and out, where possible. 

Water. Costs are available from the supplier s invoices but where the operator has reservoirs and/or licenses for extraction from canals or rivers the annual fees and penalties, which are sometimes taxable, should not be forgotten. Projections of future demands will need to be carefully considered where this type of arrangement is made, since such contracts are often available only on long-term bases. Water-treatment plant will produce its own range of costs across the whole field of depreciation, materials, electricity, labor, etc. and these will need to be apportioned to the steam cost departments before final allocation to the user departments. 

As with ED, RO, and other membrane techniques, the primary operational cost of EDR is that of pumping water through the system, and pumping costs are proportional to the TDS of the incoming water. Cost for the actual electrodialysis is low. 

Obviously, the use of a higher untreated water temperature is attractive in minimising the area required, although in practice any advantages would be offset by increased water costs, and an optimisation procedure would be necessary in obtaining the most effective design. 

Electricity depends largely on the amount of artificial snow. The cost of water has decreased due to their private well being used since 2002, on the other hand the electricity usage increased. The municipal water cost was 5 SEK m-3. 

Cooling water cost 0.005 S-kWtr1 Figure 23.56 Site marginal steam costs for the case study. 

Unit Water Cost, cents/ cu. m 0 4.5 cents/Kwhr 0 9 cents/Kwhr... 

The cost of a 10 mVday tubular RO plant is estimated at Rs.8,500/m5 and the water cost is Rs.lO/m, For the same capacity with spiral configuration the cost is calculated to be Rs.6,000/m5 with a water cost of Rs.6/m. For capacities of over 100 m per day, the treatment cost is expected to be brought down to an acceptable level of Rs.5/m, Table VI shows projected cost for tubular RO plants of different capacities. 

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