Other Locations

Another significant injection scheme is the offshore injection at Sleipner West, in the Norwegian North Sea, operated by Statoil. At this location, the produced gas contains no H2S and approximately 10% C02. The C02 is injected at a rate of about 1 million tonne per year (approximately 55 MMCFD). 

Norway is one of the few countries in the world that imposes a carbon tax. Tax rates vary from industry to industry, but for gas production in the North Sea the rate is around 308 Norwegian Kroner per tonne C02 equivalents (about 45 [US]). 

Although strictly not an acid-gas disposal method, miscible flooding using carbon dioxide is, in some situations, an economic method of enhanced oil recovery. It shares many characteristics with its disposal cousin, particularly the surface equipment. 

In the United States, there are approximately 70 C02 miscible flood projects in Texas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, New Mexico, Kansas, and Michigan. Total production from these projects is about 200,000 bpd. 

Acid gas, a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, is a toxic by-product of the sweetening of natural gas. Acid-gas injection has become an environmentally friendly way to dispose of this by-product. In the remainder of this book, the detailed design considerations for acid-gas injection are presented. 

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Fig. 3. (a) General locations of hydrothemial power plants in the continental United States (6). Power is produced directiy from hydrothermal steam indicated by the steam plume at The Geysers in northern California. At all other locations, hot water resources are utilized for power production. In 1993, a hydrothermal power plant also came on line on the island of Hawaii, (b) Location of The Geysers steam-dominated hydrothermal field (D) in Lake and Sonoma counties, within the boundaries of the Cleadake—Geysers thermal anomaly (B). 

The point at which two polymeric chains are joined together by a cross-linker such as divinylbenzene, or sites where tertiary hydrogens are located in the stmcture, are other locations for oxidative attack. In both cation- and anion-exchange resins, oxidative attack results in the removal of cross-linking. 

Uranium ores are leached with dilute sulfuric acid or an alkaline carbonate [3812-32-6] solution. Hexavalent uranium forms anionic complexes, such as uranyl sulfate [56959-61-6], U02(S0 3, which are more selectively adsorbed by strong base anion exchangers than are other anions in the leach Hquors. Sulfate complexes are eluted with an acidified NaCl or ammonium nitrate [6484-52-2], NH NO, solution. Carbonate complexes are eluted with a neutral brine solution. Uranium is precipitated from the eluent and shipped to other locations for enrichment. Columnar recovery systems were popular in South Africa and Canada. Continuous resin-in-pulp (RIP) systems gained popularity in the United States since they eliminated a difficult and cosdy ore particle/leach hquor separation step. 

Direct fuel appHcations of methanol have not grown as anticipated (see Alcohol fuels). It is used in small quantities in California and other locations, primarily for fleet vehicle operation. Large-scale use of methanol as a direct fuel is not anticipated until after the year 2000. Methanol continues to be utilised in the production of gasoline by the Mobil methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process in New Zealand. A variant of this process has also been proposed to produce olefins from methanol. 

The influence of a induced field on a metallic (magnetic) structure is in the form of closed magnetic loops, which cause hysteresis and eddy current losses. These closed loops cannot be broken by insulating magnetic structures at bends or joints or any other locations. (Refer to Figure 28.32 for more clarity.) There is thus no treatment that can be applied to such structures or bodies in the vicinity of an IPB to protect them from the magnetic effects of the field if present in the space. 

Societies concern with air quality has evolved from medieval times, when breathing smelting fumes was a major hazard, to where we are today (see Chapter 1). In modem society, a parallel effort has been under way to improve air quality in the outside or ambient air, which is the focus of this book, and in the industrial occupational setting in manufacturing and other traditional jobs. A combination of events is moving many countries to consider the quality of air in other locations where we live parts of our lives. Attention is now being refocused on "indoor" air quality. 

Check the outdoor air intakes to see whether they are located near contaminant sources (e.g., plumbing vents, exhaust outlets, dumpsters, loading docks, or other locations where vehicles idle). See if the space containing the HVAC system is clean and dry. Examples of problems include cleaning or other maintenance supplies... 

Obviously, the risk of hazardous chemicals is reduced by a minimized inventory using just-in-time procurement. If further inventory reduction is not feasible, additional risk reduction may be achieved by dispersing the inventory to multiple site locations so a release in one location does not allcci other locations of inventory. 

In buildings away from outside perimeter walls, air and surface temperatures are usually approximately equal. The heat losses from a person by radiation (q ) and convection (q ) are then flowing to the same temperature level. In such uniform spaces, the radiant and convective losses are about equal and together account for about 80-90% of the total heat loss of a sedentary comfortable individual. In the presence of hot or cold surfaces, as may occur in perimeter or other locations in a building, the average surface temperature of the surroundings (called mean radiant temperature) as seen by the person s body may be substantially different from air temperature. If the mean radiant temperature (MRT) is greater or less than air temperature (T,) the person will feel warmer or colder than in a thermally uniform space where MRT =. ... 

The location of the exhaust opening inside the enclosure should be in the main direction of the expected emission direction. The exhaust opening is usually located in the back wall, but many other locations are possible, including the ceiling, side wall, floor, or combinations of these. These other locations are used in practice. 

Wind speed The wind velocity measured at a point in open undisturbed country 10 m from the ground. Corrections have to be made for other locations, and for heights above 250 m. 

On open drain piping leaving buildings, a liquid seal should be installed as further protection to assure that gases flashing from liquids from other locations in the drain system will not exit the system in the building. 

Water quality must be studied as well as quantity. Chemical and bacteriological examination will indicate the extent of treatment required and will aid in the development of water cost estimates for comparison with other locations. The possible contamination of the water source by other industries in the area should be anticipated. Note that "contamination" may consist of raising the temperature of the water to a level that renders its use as a cooling medium impossible. 

FPN No. 3) ft is not good practice to install electrical equipment in Zone 0 locations except when the equipment is essential to the process or when other locations are not feasible. (See Section 500-2.) If it is necessary to install electrical systems in Zone 0 locations, it is good practice to install intrinsically safe systems as described by Article 504. 

The most common device installed in hydraulic systems to prevent foreign particles and contaminations from remaining in the system are referred to as hlters. They may be located in the reservoir, in the return line, in the pressure line, or in any other location in the system where the designer of the system decides they are needed to safeguard the system against impurities. 

Iron oxides are complex corrosion deposits of variable composition that originate from anywhere in the boiler plant system and then are transported to some other location (usually back to the boiler). The most common sources of iron oxide are the economizer (pre-boiler section), boiler tubes (boiler section) and the condensate system (post-boiler section). 

Some instruments come with special tools for adjustment or routine maintenance. These should normally be kept with their instruments for ready access. Using them for other purposes in other locations should be discouraged. In an educational laboratory, such tools should be labeled and kept in the stockroom unless absolutely needed dining routine work. 

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