Coal fuels

Air for the hot blast may also be considered a raw material. The air is preheated in stoves to between 900 and 1300°C. Over 1.5 t of air is required to produce 11 of hot metal (pig iron). SoHd, Hquid, or gaseous fuels, eg, coal, fuel oil, or natural gas, may be added to the hot blast at the tuyeres to replace some of the coke. Oxygen may also be added to the hot blast to increase flame temperature. 

In 1991, Goodyear began working with Cadence Environmental Energy (Indiana) to market a whole tine feed system to supplement fuel for cement kilns. The system is used by several cement manufacturers. In 1992, Goodyear furnished tines for a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) test bum at a Memphis power plant. The electric utiUty used tine-derived fuel (TDE) to supplement coal fuel in a cyclone boiler. These tests were successflil. 

E. Goodrich have burned a 10% tire chip mixture with coal (11—13). Tire grinding size reduction problems and deflvery costs have stymied projects based on combined tire and coal fuel. Transportation of tire scrap can cost 0.05 /kg, exclusive of grinding costs, thus tire-fired boilers are limited to areas with sample scrap tire suppHes, eg, large cities or tire manufacturers. The cost of burning one metric ton of tires per hour in an incinerator was ca 0.20—0.40 per tire in 1974, which increased to 0.35—0.70 per tire in 1987 (14). 

Coal, energy Coal-oil mixtures Coal-water slurry Gas turbine coal fuel Diesel coal fuel Fuel heneficiation, desulfurization... 

Over the past decades, advances have been made that reduce environmental impacts of coal burning in large plants. Some arc standard and others experimental. Limestone (mainly calcium carbonate) scrubber smokestacks react with the emitted sulfates from the combustion and contain the chemical products, thereby reducing the release of SO., into the atmosphere by a large factor (of ten or more). Pulverization of coal can also allow for the mechanical separation of some sulfur impurities, notably those in the form of pyrites, prior to combustion. Currently deployed—with more advanced versions in the development stage—are various t yies of fluidized bed reactors, which use coal fuel in a pulverized form, mixed with pulverized limestone or dolomite in a high temperature furnace. This technique reduces sulfate release considerably. There are... 

When coal is burned, the amount of excess air required may be as high as 50%. With oil, gas, or pulverized coal fuel (PF), excess air requirements drop to only 10 to 30%, and often much less (perhaps < 5%) with modem burner and furnace designs. 

Coal Fuel Research Institute V+E Volume % R max o South African Iron and Steel Corporation V+EZ RSF3 Total Volume % ... 

Chandra, D. Roy, P. Mishra, A.K., et al., Removal of Sulphur From Coal by Thiobacillus Ferroxidans and by Mixed Acidophilic Bacteria Present in Coal. Fuel, 1979. 59(4) pp. 249-252. 

Different technology suppliers worldwide have developed gasifiers. The choice of the type of the gasifier is purely a factor of the coal/fuel characteristics. Various technology suppliers for the gasification process are listed in Table 2.2. 

Capital cost estimates for a new 285 MWe (net) greenfield IGCC plant incorporating lessons learned, technology improvements, and a heat rate of 8526 Btu/kWh are l,318/kW (2000 ) for a coal-fueled unit and 1,260 (2000 ) for a petroleum coke-fueled unit. 

Figure 6.6 Schematic of 500 MW class coal fueled pressurized SOFC. Reconstituted from Fuel Cell Handbook, 5th ed., Oct. 2000, USDOE.

COAL-FUELED POWER PLANT AT ORMOND BEACH, CALIFORNIA. 

The research is focused on future energy needs with near-zero emissions in coal-fueled power station applications. Key system goals include ... 

The capture of 90 percent or more of the carbon in the coal fuel as... 

M. Faroogue, G. Steinfield, H. Maru, "Comparative Assessment of Coal-Fueled Carbonate Fuel Cell and Competing Technologies," in Proceedings of the 25th lECEC, Vol. 3, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 1990. 

A flow diagram for the coal fueled 500 MW class cascaded TSOFC power cycle is presented in Figure 9-12. A brief process description is given below, followed by a performance summary. Selected state point values are presented in Table 9-21. 

Figure 9-12 Schematic for a 500 MW Class Coal Fueled Pressurized SOFC...

Source Ammonia is released as a combustion product of coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood, butane, and propane (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). 

FEBUSS Fuel Cell Energy Systems Standardized for Large Transport, BUSses and Stationary Applications. Coals Fuel Cell Energy Systems Standardized for Large Transport, BUSses and Stationary Applications. 

Atal, A. Levendis, Y. A. 1995. Comparison of the combustion behaviour of pulverized waste tyres and coal. Fuel, 74, 1570-1581... 

Quick, W. J. Irons, R. M. A. 2002. Trace element pardoning during the firing of washed and untreated power station coal. Fuel, 81, 665-672. 

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