Styrene butadiene latex

Vinyl, alkyd, and styrene—butadiene latexes are used as film formers in most architectural coatings. Because alkyd resins (qv) require organic solvents, their use has decreased substantially for architectural coatings, but is stiU holding up in industrial appHcations, where their greater durability justifies the added expense (see Latex technology). 

Tire Cord. Melamine resins are also used to improve the adhesion of mbber to reinforcing cord in tires. Textile cord is normally coated with a latex dip solution composed of a vinylpyridine—styrene—butadiene latex mbber containing resorcinol—formaldehyde resin.. The dip coat is cured prior to use. The dip coat improves the adhesion of the textile cord to mbber. Further improvement in adhesion is provided by adding resorcinol and hexa(methoxymethyl) melamine [3089-11 -0] (HMMM) to the mbber compound which is in contact with the textile cord. The HMMM resin and resorcinol cross-link during mbber vulcanization and cure to form an interpenetrating polymer within the mbber matrix which strengthens or reinforces the mbber and increases adhesion to the textile cord. Brass-coated steel cord is also widely used in tires for reinforcement. Steel belts and bead wire are common apphcations. Again, HMMM resins and resorcinol [108-46-3] are used in the mbber compound which is in contact with the steel cord to reinforce the mbber and increase the adhesion of the mbber to the steel cord. This use of melamine resins is described in the patent Hterature (49). 

Styrene—butadiene latexes generally are quite stable mechanically because of the presence of relatively large amounts of emulsifying and stabilizing agents, and therefore require addition of less stabilizer in compounding. The apphcations of SBR latex are classified in Table 21. This classification indicates the scope of the industry and illustrates the large number of diverse applications in which synthetic latices are employed. The latex types previously found most suitable for particular applications are also listed. 

Styrene [100-42-5] (phenylethene, viaylben2ene, phenylethylene, styrol, cinnamene), CgH5CH=CH2, is the simplest and by far the most important member of a series of aromatic monomers. Also known commercially as styrene monomer (SM), styrene is produced in large quantities for polymerization. It is a versatile monomer extensively used for the manufacture of plastics, including crystalline polystyrene, mbber-modifted impact polystyrene, expandable polystyrene, acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene copolymer (ABS), styrene—acrylonitrile resins (SAN), styrene—butadiene latex, styrene—butadiene mbber (qv) (SBR), and unsaturated polyester resins (see Acrylonithile polya rs Styrene plastics). 

Styrene—Butadiene Latex. SB latex is used in coatings, carpet backing, paper adhesives, cement additives, and latex paint. 

Polymerization Reactions. The polymerization of butadiene with itself and with other monomers represents its largest commercial use. The commercially most important polymers are styrene—butadiene mbber (SBR), polybutadiene (BR), styrene—butadiene latex (SBL), acrylonittile—butadiene—styrene polymer (ABS), and nittile mbber (NR). The reaction mechanisms are free-radical, anionic, cationic, or coordinate, depending on the nature of the initiators or catalysts (194—196). 

Methods have been developed for improving batch process productivity in the manufacture of styrene-butadiene latex by the continuous addition of reactants so the reaction occurs as the reactor is being filled. These are not continuous processes even though the reactants are added continuously during most of a batch cycle. The net result is that reactants can be added almost as fast as heat can be removed. There is relatively little hazardous material in the reactor at any time because the reactants, which are flammable or combustible, are converted to non-hazardous and non-volatile polymer very quickly. 

Compositions of high-alumina cement containing quartz or glass, calcium carbonate, microsilica, carbon black, iron oxide red mud or screened fly ash, and styrene-butadiene latex have been described [141,1803,1804]. 

Gilsonite is active as a fluid loss additive because the permeability of cement is reduced. Latex additives also act as fluid loss additives. They also act as bonding aids, gas migration preventers, and matrix intensifiers. They improve the elasticity of the cement and the resistance to corrosive fluids [921]. A styrene-butadiene latex in combination with nonionic and anionic surfactants shows less fluid loss. The styrene-butadiene latex is added in an amount up to 30% by weight of the dry cement. The ratio of styrene to butadiene in the latex is typically 2 1. In addition, a nonionic surfactant (octylphenol ethoxylate and polyethylene oxide) or an anionic surfactant, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate [719] can be added in amounts up to 2%. 

Styrene-butadiene latex, 23 348 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 9 556-558, 23 325, 348 from butadiene, 4 384t colloidal suspensions, 7 275 effect of nonblack fillers on properties of, 21 783t... 

The binders vary quite widely—the most common being starch, soy protein and latexes in conjunction with other soluble polymers. Styrene-butadiene latexes have been the most popular but ethylene-vinyl acetate binders are also used. The method of polymer synthesis provides a way of modifying the properties of the latex. For example, adjustment of the ratio of styrene butadiene in the co-polymer gives rise to different degrees of softness or hardness. This property has a profound influence on the quality of the coating. It is also possible to co-polymerise monomers so as to introduce, for example, carboxy groups on to the surface of the latex particle which in turn assist in... 

Some of the nonrubber applications are as a chemical intermediate to make adiponitrile and hexamethylenediamine, precursors to making Nylon 66 whose primary application is carpeting. Other nonrubber applications are styrene-butadiene latexes for paper coatings and carpet backing, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins for plastic pipe and automotive/appliance parts. 

Bauer et al. describe the use of a noncontact probe coupled by fiber optics to an FT-Raman system to measure the percentage of dry extractibles and styrene monomer in a styrene/butadiene latex emulsion polymerization reaction using PLS models [201]. Elizalde et al. have examined the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor the emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate with methyl methacrylate under starved, or low monomer [202], and with high soUds-content [203] conditions. In both cases, models could be built to predict multiple properties, including solids content, residual monomer, and cumulative copolymer composition. Another study compared reaction calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy for monitoring n-butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate and for vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate, under conditions of normal and instantaneous conversion [204], Both techniques performed well for normal conversion conditions and for overall conversion estimate, but Raman spectroscopy was better at estimating free monomer concentration and instantaneous conversion rate. However, the authors also point out that in certain situations, alternative techniques such as calorimetry can be cheaper, faster, and often easier to maintain accurate models for than Raman spectroscopy, hi a subsequent article, Elizalde et al. found that updating calibration models after... 

PI 2 and PI 4 were received from Killian as partially cured resins. SBR Is Polysar XE-432 styrene-butadiene latex. 

Acralen Styrene-butadiene latex Farbenfabriken Bayer AG... 

Butadiene is used primarily in the production of synthetic rubbers, including styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene nibber (BR), styrene-butadiene latex (SBL), chloroprene rubber (CR) and nitrile rubber (NR). Important plastics containing butadiene as a monomeric component are shock-resistant polystyrene, a two-phase system consisting of polystyrene and polybutadiene ABS polymers consisting of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene and a copolymer of methyl methacrylate, butadiene and styrene (MBS), which is used as a modifier for poly(vinyl chloride). It is also used as an intermediate in the production of chloroprene, adiponitrile and other basic petrochemicals. The worldwide use pattern for butadiene in 1981 was as follows (%) SBR + SBL, 56 BR, 22 CR, 6 NR, 4 ABS, 4 hexamethylenediamine, 4 other, 4. The use pattern for butadiene in the United States in 1995 was (%) SBR, 31 BR, 24 SBL, 13 CR, 4 ABS, 5 NR, 2 adiponitrile, 12 and other, 9 (Anon., 1996b). 

For the purposes of the F EI Guide a process unit is defined as any primary item of process equipment. For example, in the process area of a styrene/butadiene latex plant, process units could include monomer mix feed preparation, reactors, stripppers, monomer recovery, aqueous room, and styrene scrubber. A warehouse also may be treated as a process unit. In particular, materials stored within a fire-walled area, or within the total storage area where fire walls are not provided, would constitute such a process unit. 

Centers usually adapt company-wide guidelines to activities within their scope. For example, the S/B (styrene/butadiene) Latex Technology Center has developed a Critical Instruments Program specifically for Dow s latex plants around the world. In identifies typical latex production equipment likely to be controlled by critical instruments. The program then draws upon Dow (and non-Dow) latex and other plant and research knowledge and experience to propose test procedures and test intervals for such instruments. 

Figure 5. Log (molar concentration of Al(N03)3) vs. pH showing the positions of the coagulation domains for a styrene-butadiene latex. Drawn from the data of Matijevic and Force (26).

Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C show the ultra-thin cross-sections of OsOi+-stained two-stage (styrene//styrene-butadiene) latex particles at the stage ratio of 20/80, whose S/B ratios in the second stage are 70/30 (LS-7), 90/10 (LS-8), and 95/5 (LS-9), respectively. It can be seen from the micrographs that the size of polystyrene phase domains decreases with decreasing butadiene level in the second-stage S-B copolymers and becomes so small at the S/B ratio...

Fig. 1. US total sales and captive use of selected thermoplastic resins by major market for 2001. Major market volumes are derived from plastic resins sales and captive use data as compiled by VERIS Consulting, LLC and reported by the American Plastics Council s Plastic Industry Producers Statistics Group. Selected thermoplastics are low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyester, engineering resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, styrene-acrylonitrile, other styrenics, polystyrene, and styrene butadiene latexes. (Data from ref. 25.)...

Figure 4. Styrene-butadiene latex (carboxylated-persulfate initiated)...

Since compounds of the type XVII have shown comparable activity in a number of systems including cis-polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene rubber, they have some commercial promise, and development work on these compounds is continuing. Nevertheless, they are not completely nondiscoloring, and in certain applications, particularly carboxylated styrene-butadiene latex films, yellow discoloration caused by the antioxidant is a serious drawback. We therefore turned our attention to ortho-linked compounds derived from 2,4-dialkylphenols. 

Of the 17 billion lb of butadiene consumed in 1999, almost two thirds went into the production of elastomers (styrene-butadiene latex rubber (SBR), polybutadiene, nitrile, and polychloroprene). Adiponitrile, ABS resins, styrene-butadiene latex, styrene block copolymers, and other smaller polymer uses accounted for the remainder. The largest single use was for styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBR and latex). Most of it was made by an emulsion process using a free-radical initiator and a styrene-butadiene ratio of about 1 3. More detailed description of the rubber and polymer used can be found in Chapters 16 and 15. 

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