Polyglutamic acids

Hanby WE, Waley SG, Watson J (1948) Synthetic polyglutamic acid. Nature 161 132 Hanby WE, Waley SG,Watson J (1950) 632. Synthetic polypeptides. Part n. Polyglutamic acid. J Chem Soc 3239-3249... 

Bacillus anthracis, the causative organism of anthrax, possesses a capsule composed of polyglutamic acid the slime layers produced by other organisms are of a carbohydrate nature. 

Poly-L-lysine and polyglutamic acid Poly-L-aspartic acid Polypeptide-mustard conjugates HPMA... 

M 0004. (From Tiffany and Krimm, 1969, Biopolymers 8, 347-359, 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.) (B) CD spectrum of poly-L-proline II (sigma, molecular weight 55,000) as a function of temperature. (C) CD spectrum of polyglutamic acid at pH 7 as a function of temperature. (D) CD spectrum of poly-L-lysine at pH 7 as a function of temperature. Parts (B-D) are from Tiffany and Krimm (1972). Biopolymers 11, 2309-2316, 1972. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley 8c Sons, Inc. 

Kurosaki T, Kitahara T, Fumoto S, Nishida K, Nakamura J, Niidome T, Kodama Y, Nakagawa H, To H, Sasaki H (2009) Ternary complexes of pDNA, polyethylenimine, and gamma-polyglutamic acid for gene delivery systems. Biomaterials 30 2846-2853... 

Kurosaki T, Kitahara T, Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Yamaguchi A, Nakagawa H, Kodama Y, Hamamoto T, Hashida M, Sasaki H (2010) Gamma-polyglutamic acid-coated vectors for effective and safe gene therapy. J Control Release 142 404-4-10... 

Polyglutamic Acid Low Induced High Flexible Linear Side Chain Moderate... 

Chitosan/Polyglutamic Acid/ (No Coating) T P/R Chitosan is Cytotoxic... 

The formation of polyglutamic acid conjugates of methotrexate has been observed in tumor cells and in the liver and may be an important determinant of cytotoxicity. These methotrexate polyglutamates are retained in the cell and are also potent inhibitors of dUiy-drofolate reductase. 

Scheme 10 Polyglutamic Acid Dendrons by Solution Synthesis 161...

The use of polyglutamic acid or proteases to prepare topologically segregated bifunctional beads is successful to a certain degree, but far from ideal since they are technically difficult to control, laborious, and not reproducible from batch to batch. Recently we have developed a highly efficient... 

The basis of phenotypic discrimination of closely related species via Raman spectroscopy lies in its sensitivity to the intracellular molecular components including extrachromosomally encoded phenotypes, such as the Bacillus anthracis or B. thuringiensis toxins or polyglutamic acid capsules. Other prominent examples are cell storage materials like the polyhydroxy butyric acid (PHB), carotenoid-based pigments like sarcinaxanthin, hemoproteins like cytochrome or calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA). Raman spectra of single bacteria, in which the latter four intracellular substances occur, are shown in... 

Recently, a series of new quinazoline derivatives (232) of FA, including aspartic acid and polyglutamic acid analogues, has been described [128]. These compounds were conveniently prepared by alkylation of (231), readily available from (31) and the appropriate alkylating agent, with (228) followed by saponifi-... 

Seube T., Bajanyra, T., Sgunuzu, Y., Ueda, H., Matsumoto, K., Takimoto, Y., and Kiyotani, T. A new type of surgical adhesive made from porcine collagen and polyglutamic acid, Journal of Biomedical Materials, 54, 305-310, 2001. 

Fig. 7 Schematic structural transformation of the photoisomerizable polyglutamic acid 16.

Both natural polymers such as polysaccharides and synthetic polymers such as polylysine, polyglutamic acid, polyphosphazenes, copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone, copolymers of 2-hydroxypropylmeth-acrylamide, and etc. have been used as drug carriers. The structure of these polymers can be modified by the incorporation of hydro-phobic units, sugar residues, or sulfonyl groups to achieve a specific tissue affinity. 

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